不同氮素水平下有机物料添加对陇中黄土高原旱作农田N2O排放特征的影响

为了探究不同用量氮肥配施生物质炭或小麦秸秆对旱作农田N₂O排放通量的影响，在陇中黄土高原半干旱区连续进行4年不同氮素水平配施不同有机物料的田间定位试验，试验以3种施氮用量（不施氮肥、50 kg（N）·hm^-2氮肥、100 kg（N）·hm^-2氮肥）配施2种有机物料（小麦秸秆S、生物质炭B）及无有机物料 (C)共组成9个处理，于2016年11月—2017年10月，采用静态箱-气相色谱法，对N₂O通量进行全年内连续观测。研究结果表明：观测期内，各处理N₂O年平均通量大小排序SN100>CN100>SN50>CN50>BN100>SNO>BN50>CN0>BN0，各处理N₂O排放通量变化趋势一致；相较N0处理（CN0、SN0、BN0）的年平均排放通量，N50（CN50、SN50、BN50）和N100（CN100、SN100、BN100）处理分别增加了6.92%和10.03%。相较CN0、CN50和CN100，与其相同氮素水平配施生物质炭后，N₂O年平均排放通量分别降低了0.49%、3.15%和4.67%；配施秸秆后，N₂O年平均排放通量分别增加了6.37%、3.44%和2.73%。单施氮肥或小麦秸秆配施氮肥均增加了N₂O排放的增温潜势，生物质炭配施氮肥减少了N₂O排放的增温潜势。主效应分析表明，氮素、秸秆均对提升N₂O排放通量发挥显著效应，而生物质炭具有降低效应。相关分析表明，土壤温度与N₂O通量表现为显著正相关关系，土壤含水量与N₂O通量表现为显著负相关关系（P<5%）。通径分析表明，土壤温度对N₂O通量的增大作用远大于土壤含水量对N₂O通量的减小作用。秸秆或生物质炭与氮素无交互效应，N₂O排放通量随氮素水平的增加而增大，秸秆还田促进了N₂O排放而生物质炭抑制了N₂O排放。因此，添加生物质炭对旱作农田固氮减排具有较大的潜力。     

黑龙江省农村居民消费水平与消费结构分析

为深入了解黑龙江农村居民消费率持续走低的原因,挖掘农村居民消费潜力,基于黑龙江2000—2012年时间序列数据,运用统计分析方法,对黑龙江农村居民的消费水平、消费结构及其变化趋势进行分析。结果表明:城乡居民收入和消费差距均很大,农村居民内部收入差距较大,但消费差距不大,虽然消费倾向高,但购买力较弱,仍以生存型消费为主,消费受政策影响明显。最后结合黑龙江的实际情况提出了积极深化和扩展各种惠农、利农政策和拓宽农村居民的收入渠道等建议。     

动物营养与饲料学实验教学改革与创新人才培养

根据动物营养与饲料学专业人才培养目标和《甘肃农业大学实践教学指导意见》的要求,通过从动物营养与饲料学实验教学大纲的修订,教学内容的编排,授课形式,授课时间和实验成绩考评等方面进行改革前后的比较与探讨,以期探索提高学生的动手操作能力,培养学生独立思考、发现问题、分析问题和解决问题能力的有效途径.     

代谢组学在反刍动物营养研究中的应用进展

代谢组学是研究生物系统中所有代谢物的一门新兴学科。它能够检测生命系统中某一特定生物层次的所有代谢物的变化,并能够利用其特有的分析技术平台和数据分析平台对所得代谢物进行系统性度量。近年来,因其测试技术的广泛适用性,代谢组学逐渐被应用于反刍动物的营养学研究中。本文从瘤胃代谢组学、肝脏代谢组学、乳腺代谢组学和血液代谢组学等4个方面对代谢组学在反刍动物营养研究中的应用进展进行了综述。     

Characterization of Pilot Scale Processed Canadian Organic Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) and Blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) Juice Pressing Residues and Phenolic-Enriched Extractives

This work examined the processing yields, physico-chemical characteristics, and bioactive properties of Canadian organic cranberry and blueberry pomace and phenolic-enriched extractives. The ethanol extracts from each berry contained three to four times the soluble solids and sugar contents compared to the pomace. The lipid content of organic cranberry pomace (4.44%), cranberry ethanol extractives (3.86%), and blueberry ethanol extractives (4.44%) were significantly lower than the lipid content of the organic blueberry pomace (5.42%). The organic blueberry pomace showed higher protein content (8.41%) than organic cranberry pomace (5.76%); however, both organic cranberry and blueberry ethanol extracts showed similarly low protein contents. Significant differences were observed in the mineral and elemental contents of both pomaces and their extractives. Total phenolics, tartaric esters, flavonols, anthocyanins, and antioxidant activities were increased by two to three times in both organic cranberry and blueberry ethanol extracts compared to their respective pomaces. The major anthocyanins detected in organic blueberry pomace and ethanol extracts were peonidin 3-glucoside, malvidin 3-galactoside, malvidin 3-glucoside, and cyanidin 3-arabinoside. Peonidin 3-galactoside, cyanidin 3-galactoside, cyanidin 3-arabinoside, and peonidin 3-arabinside were the major anthocyanins in the organic cranberry and ethanol extacts. Results indicated that cranberry and blueberry pomace could be used to develop bioactives with antioxidant activity for potential health benefit and/or bioenergy production.     

Incubation success and habitat selection of shore‐spawning kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka: effects of water‐level regulation and habitat characteristics

Changes to water‐level regimes have been known to restructure fish assemblages and interfere with the population dynamics of both littoral and pelagic species. The effect of altered water‐level regimes on shore‐spawning kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka incubation success was evaluated using a comprehensive in situ study in Lake Pend Oreille, ID, USA. Survival was not related to substrate size composition or depth, indicating that shore‐spawning kokanee do not currently receive a substrate‐mediated survival benefit from higher winter water levels. Substrate composition also did not differ among isobaths in the nearshore area. On average, the odds of an egg surviving to the preemergent stage were more than three times greater for sites in downwelling areas than those lacking downwelling. This study revealed that shoreline spawning habitat is not as limited as previously thought. Downwelling areas appear to contribute substantially to shore‐spawning kokanee recruitment. This research illustrates the value of rigorous in situ studies both for testing potential mechanisms underlying population trends and providing insight into spawning habitat selection.     

基于支持向量机的农机装备水平差异分类研究

针对黑龙江垦区各农场农机装备水平不平衡差异问题,采用支持向量机多类分类和主成分分析相结合的方法进行研究。将农机装备水平分为3个等级水平,从总量、速度和均量3方面选取10个评价指标;采用主成分分析法确定5个主要合成指标;建立多类分类支持向量机新模型,把新模型转化成一个互补问题,利用Lagrangian隐函数进一步转化成一个强凸的无约束优化问题,采取快速牛顿算法进行求解;利用实证调研数据,从发展差异度的角度对黑龙江垦区98个农场农机装备水平的差异进行多指标分析,在分类的准确度和训练速度方面都有很好的表现。     

奶牛产奶前期营养调控研究

通过对奶牛日粮代谢能、粗蛋白质和粗饲料类型3个营养因素对产奶前期奶牛100d产奶量影响的测定,确定日粮代谢能是起主导作用的因素。本试验ME:11.0MJ/kg,CP:12.0,粗饲料为全株玉米青贮饲料加玉米秸,奶牛100d产奶量可达到2907kg,平均日产奶29.07kg/d,全日粮料奶比为0.69:1,相当于精饲料产奶比0.31:1。根据上述试验结果和吉林西部的气候与饲料资源特点,笔者推荐在奶牛产奶前期生产中使用ME:10.0MJ/kg,CP:10.5的日粮,尽量不使用稻草作为奶牛产奶前期的主要粗饲料。     

小组参与式教学在水产动物营养与饲料学中的探索与实践

为提高学生在教学过程中的参与度,培养学生自主学习与相互协作的能力,提出了以小组为单位参与水产动物营养与饲料学课堂教学的详细方案,制定了相应的考核评价体系。教学实践证明,这一方法对于提高学生学习的主动性、积极性,培养学生独立思考、自主解决问题的能力及团队合作精神是确实有效的。分析了应用中存在的一些问题,并提出了进一步改进完善的措施。     

Nutrient‐Release Rates of Controlled‐Release Fertilizers in Forest Soil

Abstract

Nutrient‐release rates of controlled‐release fertilizer (CRF) with four different labeled release periods were evaluated. Samples (30 g) sealed with nylon mesh were buried at a clearcut forest site (Price soil series) in western Oregon, USA, in February 2000 and excavated every 7 weeks for 14 months to determine residual weight and composition. Cool, dry soil conditions apparently prolonged nutrient release beyond labeled rates; the fertilizer with the shortest release period (3–4 months) released approximately 72% of the fertilizer (by weight), whereas that with the longest release period (8–9 months) released 48%. Release varied among individual nutrients [nitrate (NO₃)>ammonia (NH₃)>potassium (K)>sulfur (S)>magnesium (Mg)>phosphorus (P)]. Minimal changes in micronutrient [iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and molybdenum (Mo)] contents were attributed to the formation of insoluble compounds with P. Variable release among individual nutrients demonstrates a limitation toward delivering a full range of nutrients and suggests that further refinement of CRF technology is needed to optimize nutrient availability under realistic field conditions.