牵引式红枣残枝粉碎机的设计与试验

红枣残枝粉碎还田是目前亟待解决的问题。为此,设计了一种牵引式红枣残枝粉碎机,通过对辊破碎和动定刀粉碎共同作用实现粉碎效果。对破碎辊轴、粉碎主轴的转速和功率等参数进行了详细阐述,规范了动刀在主轴上的排布方式,选用双螺旋式刀具排布,确保同一时刻有且仅有两个动刀同时工作,有效降低了振动和机组动力损耗,提高了工作效率。运用ANSYS软件对主轴进行了静力学分析及模态分析,得出了应力应变图及粉碎主轴前6阶固有频率和振型图。应力应变图表明:最大应力为8.3326 MPa,最大变形量为0.017419 mm,参考材料特性,主轴强度满足设计要求,故主轴设计合理、安全。模态分析结果表明:最低固有频率为98.286Hz,所对应的临界转速5897 r/min远大于初定主轴转速2000 r/min,因此在工作中主轴转动时不会产生共振现象。样机试验结果表明:粉碎机工作生产率为817.67kg/h,吨功耗为49.06kW/h,噪声为95.3dB,粉碎粒度合格率为86.97%,可以实现连续稳定运作,粉碎粒度符合还田技术要求。     

影响负压反馈射流喷头水力性能的重要参数正交试验

为了探究影响负压反馈射流喷头水力性能的重要参数对水力性能的影响程度,并选出综合水力性能最优下的重要参数组合,首先设计了4因素3水平正交试验,并根据试验要求分别加工出3种长度(4.2,5.6,7.0 cm)的喷管、3种直径(3,4,5 mm)的喷嘴,以及射流进口宽×深为4 mm×8 mm、位差1.80 mm、侧壁夹角20°、劈距28.0 mm、3种喷射仰角(20°,30°,40°)的射流机构,用于水力性能测试.采用综合评分法和极差分析法对正交试验结果进行处理,并引入了射程和喷灌均匀系数对试验结果进行评价.结果表明:影响喷头综合水力性能的重要参数,影响程度由大到小依次为喷射仰角、主副喷嘴直径、工作压力、主副喷管长度.得到了在此射流机构下的最优重要参数组合为工作压力0.35 MPa、主×副喷嘴直径5 mm×4 mm、喷射仰角30°、主×副喷管长度4.2 cm×4.2 cm.试验结果可为该型国产喷头的产品化和未来工程应用提供理论数据支撑.     

大蒜仿形浮动切根机构运动特性分析与仿真

为深入研究大蒜仿形浮动切根机构作业机理,进一步提升仿形浮动切根作业质量,开展切根机构仿形浮动作业过程运动学解析,构建切根机构浮动位移量数学模型、回转切刀刃口轨迹曲面数学模型、切刀刃口切割速度数学模型,探明切根机构结构参数和运动参数对仿形浮动切根作业过程的影响;同时,通过ADAMS虚拟样机仿真试验,获取切刀运动轨迹曲线、时间—切割速度曲线和位移—切割速度曲线,分析不同切刀转速、切刀数量、刃口位置点、切刀位移等对切割次数、漏切区、切刀运动轨迹、切割速度的影响。研究结果表明,通过合理设置切根机构结构参数和运动参数,可有效实现机构的仿形浮动切割作业,提升切根作业效果;当蒜株输送速度为1 m/s、切刀倾斜角度为33°、回转切刀转速为2 600 r/min时,根盘处的根系被单个切刀刃口旋转最高点的切割次数可达到2次,且漏切区面积很小;当蒜株输送速度为1 m/s、切刀倾斜角度为33°、回转切刀转速为1 000 r/min、切刀数量为4片时,根盘处的根系被所有切刀的刃口旋转最高点的切割次数为2次,且漏切区面积很小。该研究可为大蒜联合收获仿形浮动切根作业机理研究和机构优化提供理论参考。     

乌鲁木齐市城乡建设用地增减挂钩潜力分析

以土地利用现状数据及土地利用总体规划数据为支撑,研究乌鲁木齐市城乡建设用地增减挂钩潜力规模测算方法。基于研究区农村居民点腾退规模的测算,从城乡建设用地需求出发,运用需求与腾退平衡体系方法,对乌鲁木齐市城乡建设用地增减挂钩的潜力进行实证分析。实证分析结果表明:腾退规模满足建设用地需求,建设用地增加挂钩潜力系数为1.02,增加潜力面积为40.40hm2。研究立足于缓解城乡建设用地需求压力,反映地区实际农村居民点整理潜力,为区域城乡建设用地动态平衡提供科学依据,为农村建设用地整理与流转奠定理论基础,同时为进一步盘活农村存量建设用地资源探索新途径。     

氮磷钾肥施用对莴笋产量、收益及农学效率的影响

通过田间小区试验,在天津市武清区研究了氮、磷、钾肥的施用对莴笋产量、经济效益及农学效率的影响。结果表明:氮、钾肥对莴笋产量影响较大,不施氮、钾肥莴笋减产7.4%和6.0%,与OPT处理产量相比,差异均达极显著水平;从经济效益来看,氮、钾肥施用对莴笋经济效益较好,增收分别为4 500元·hm-2和3 465元·hm-2;从养分农学效率来看,N的农学效率为13.5kg·kg-1,P2O5的农学效率为4.9 kg·kg-1,K2O的农学效率为15.5 kg·kg-1,莴笋养分农学效率依次为钾氮磷。     

黄海北岸大洋河大麻哈鱼类的移植

According to the salmon‘s(Oncorhynchus) biological character of return to its hatching river, adopting the method of transplant and releasing, 9839000 eyed eggs of the salmon were introduced (Oncorhynchu, keta, O.gorbuscha, O. kisutch, O. masou) from Japan, total 8409000 juvenile fish was hatched and cultivated for 11 years running from 1985 to 1996. total 127 returning and mature salmons were collected from 1987 to 1995. It proved that the salmon could exist in the Yellow Sea area and return to its releasing river.     

玉米秸秆还田条件下冬灌时间与施氮方式对冬小麦生长发育及水肥利用效率的影响

为给玉米秸秆还田条件下冬小麦的水氮运筹提供依据,以小麦品种临优2069为材料,研究了山西省小麦-玉米一年两熟区玉米秸秆还田条件下冬灌时间和施氮方式对冬小麦生长发育及水氮利用效率的影响。结果表明,随着冬前灌水时间的推迟,小麦总茎数、单株分蘖数、成穗数、产量、籽粒水分生产率、氮肥表观利用率均呈先升高后降低趋势,以11月25日冬灌的最高。在施氮量相同条件下,氮肥一次性底施(N10∶0)的拔节期总茎数、成穗数、产量、籽粒水分生产率和氮素吸收量、表观利用率高于氮肥70%底施+30%拔节期追施(N7∶3)处理,冬前总茎数、单株分蘖数则相反。冬前灌水时间提前和氮肥一次性底施有利于提高小麦前期单株干重;冬前灌水时间推迟和后期追氮则有利于灌浆期穗部和总干物质的积累。因此,山西省小麦-玉米一年两熟区,秸秆还田条件下氮肥采取一次性底施,并于11月25日冬灌,可实现冬小麦的高产高效栽培。     

Nitrogen Deep Placement Combined with Straw Mulch Cultivation Enhances Physiological Traits,Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Mechanical Pot-Seedling Transplanting Rice

To assess the effects of straw return coupled with deep nitrogen (N) fertilization on grain yield and N use efficiency (NUE) in mechanical pot-seedling transplanting (MPST) rice, the seedlings of two rice cultivars, i.e., Yuxiangyouzhan and Wufengyou 615 transplanted by MPST were applied with N fertilizer at 150 kg/hm² and straw return at 6 t/hm² in early seasons of 2019 and 2020. The experiment comprised of following treatments: CK (no fertilizer and no straw return), MDS (deep N fertilization and straw return), MBS (broadcasting fertilizer and straw return), MD (deep N fertilization without straw return), MB (broadcasting fertilizer without straw return). Results depicted that the MDS treatment significantly increased the rice yield by 41.69%?72.22% due to total above-ground biomass, leaf area index and photosynthesis increased by 54.70%?55.80%, 38.52%?52.17% and 17.89%?28.40%, respectively, compared to the MB treatment. In addition, the MDS treatment enhanced the total N accumulation by 37.74%?43.69%, N recovery efficiency by 141.45%?164.65%, N agronomic efficiency by 121.76%? 134.19%, nitrate reductase by 46.46%?60.86% and glutamine synthetase by 23.56%?31.02%, compared to the MB treatment. The average grain yield and NUE in both years for Yuxiangyouzhan were higher in the MDS treatment than in the MD treatment. Hence, deep N fertilization combined with straw return can be an innovative technique with improved grain yield and NUE in MPST in South China.     

Soil CO2 and N2O Emissions in Maize Growing Season Under Different Fertilizer Regimes in an Upland Red Soil Region of South China

Upland red soils have been identified as major CO2 and N2O sources induced by human activities such as fertilization. To monitor characteristics of soil surface CO2 and N2O fluxes in cropland ecosystems after continuous fertilizer applications over decades and to separate the respective contributions of root and heterotrophic respiration to the total soil CO2 and N2O fluxes, the measurements of soil surface CO2 and N2O fluxes throughout the maize growing season in 2009 were carried out based on a fertilization experiment （from 1990） through of the maize （Zea mays L.） growing season in red soil in southern China. Five fertilization treatments were chosen from the experiment for study： zero-fertilizer application （CK）, nitrogen-phosphorus- potassium （NPK） fertilizer application only, pig manure （M）, NPK plus pig manure （NPKM） and NPK with straw （NPKS）. Six chambers were installed in each plot. Three of them are in the inter-row soil （NR） and the others are in the soil within the row （R）. Each fertilizer treatment received the same amount of N （300 kg ha-1 yr-1）. Results showed that cumulative soil CO2 fluxes in NR or R were both following the order： NPKS〉M, NPKM〉NPK〉CK. The contributions of root respiration to soil CO2 fluxes was 40, 44, 50, 47 and 35% in CK, NPK, NPKM, M and NPKS treatments, respectively, with the mean value of 43%. Cumulative soil N2O fluxes in NR or R were both following the order： NPKS, NPKM〉M〉NPK〉CK, and soil N2O fluxes in R were 18, 20 and 30% higher than that in NR in NPKM, M and NPKS treatments, respectively, but with no difference between NR and R in NPK treatment. Furthermore, combine with soil temperature at -5 cm depth and soil moisWxe （0-20 cm） together could explain 55-70% and 42-59% of soil CO2 and N2O emissions with root interference and 62- 78% and 44-63% of that without root interference, respectively. In addition, soil CO2 and N2O flUXeS per unit yield in NPKM （0.55 and 0.10 kg C t^-1） and M （0.65 and 0.13 g N t^-1） treatments were lower than those in other treatments. Therefore, manure application could be a preferred fertilization strategy in red soils in South China.     

基于高速摄像的气力式油菜精量排种器投种轨迹分析

采用高速摄像技术,在排种轴转速15r/min、负压-1 500Pa工况下,对正压50~600Pa范围内观察油菜的投种轨迹,并依据目标追踪技术方法提取连续帧图像中油菜籽的坐标位置并获得其运动轨迹曲线;统计分析油菜籽投种轨迹的分布特征,利用高斯函数模型对曲线拟合得到其分布规律,并构建正压与油菜籽投种距离的关系模型;根据油菜籽轨迹曲线获得其投种阶段瞬时速度曲线,明确了油菜籽的运动状态。试验结果表明:在同一工况下的油菜籽轨迹曲线均服从正态分布规律,且正压大小与油菜籽投种距离为线性关系,其相关系数为0.988;当排种器正压范围为100~250Pa时,其投种轨迹变异系数最小。