一种侵染桃树的烟草花叶病毒(TMV)的分离鉴定

 从北京地区具有红叶及叶片侧脉失绿等综合症状的桃病株上分离到一种杆状病毒分离物P-1,初步鉴定为一TMV株系;制备抗血清微量沉淀法测定效价为1:1024,并应用于田间样品检测;提纯P-1分离物回接毛桃实生苗后,在上部叶片出现脉间失绿症状,用P-1抗血清作ELISA检测为阳性,肯定了TMV对桃的侵染及致病作用。     

赤潮研究中圆海链藻实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

为建立快速、准确的鉴定和定量检测赤潮生物的方法,以圆海链藻为例，以其18S rDNA序列为寻找种特异性引物的靶区域，通过分析18S rDNA序列，设计出适合用于RFQ-PCR的引物与探针，并通过引物PCR验证确定其特异性，进而以圆海链藻荧光定量PCR的引物和探针（Primer Thalassiosira rotula和Taqman Thalassiosira rotula），建立了定量检测圆海链藻的实时荧光定量PCR检测方法（RFQ-PCR）。与传统的显微镜计数方法比较，两者所获结果无显著性差异，证明了本方法的可行性，从而为我国沿海水域赤潮问题的研究提供了良好的技术检测途径。     

Crunoecia irrorata (Curtis) (Trichoptera: Lepidostomatidae) and conservation of boreal springs: indications of clustering of red‐listed species

• 1. Crunoecia irrorata is widely dispersed across Europe, but rare and red‐listed in Finland. Its geographical range comprises most of the southern boreal zone in Fennoscandia. The species is confined to springs in the north, but occurs also in lower reaches of headwater streams in central and western Europe. It becomes more rare and less abundant towards the limits of its range across Europe, showing diffusive rarity. Glacial history and climate limit the distribution of the species in the north.
• 2. The most important habitat characteristic for C. irrorata in Finland was the total area of helocrene habitats. Its occurrence was positively related to taxon richness of benthic macroinvertebrates, but not bryophytes. Co‐occurrence of C. irrorata with other red‐listed spring‐dependent taxa was observed, indicating high conservation value of the springs occupied.
• 3. Crunoecia irrorata occurred frequently in moderately disturbed springs, indicating tolerance to human disturbance around springs. However, the effect of the disturbance on population size is not known. Forestry and water and gravel extraction are potential threats to C. irrorata, and only a few of its populations are strictly protected. Therefore, populations of C. irrorata in the boreal zone should be conserved and monitored to ensure the species' survival at the northern limits of its range.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Condition of Quercus robur L. along a natural Luvisol microtoposequence on loess in Central Belgium

Abstract. This research aims to assess how the variability in soil morphology of Luvisols along a microtopographic sequence influences the condition of pedunculate oak ( Quercus robur ). The condition of 205 pedunculate oaks was observed during one growth season and related to morphological soil properties. Results show that the presence of a consolidated argillic B horizon or fragipan in Luvisols, has a negative influence on the condition of Q.robur .     

Nitrate leaching losses under Miscanthus grass planted on a silty clay loam soil

Abstract. Nitrate leaching under newly planted Miscanthus grass was measured for three years. The crop received either no fertilizer-N or an annual spring application of 60 kg or 120 kg N ha^-1. During three winters soil water was collected from porous cup probes installed 90 cm deep. Nitrate leaching was calculated from the mean drain flow recorded in two drain gauges multiplied by the mean nitrate-N concentration in the soil water solutions collected. In the first year soil water nitrate concentrations were high on all treatments and N losses were 154, 187 and 228 kg ha^-1 respectively on the unfertilized treatment and those that received 60 or 120 kg N ha^-1. Leaching losses in the second and third years were, in turn, 8, 24 and 87 kg ha^-1 and 3, 11 and 30 kg ha^-1 for the unfertilized treatment and for the 60 and 120 kg N ha^-1 treatments respectively. Leaching losses were closer to those recorded under extensively managed grassland than arable land. The large losses in the first year were probably due to the previous agricultural management at the site and excessive inputs of N on the fertilized plots. In the second and third year, lower drainage volumes may also have influenced losses. The results show that Miscanthus , once established, can lead to low levels of nitrate leaching and improved groundwater quality compared with growing arable crops.     

Water-table management in lowland UK peat soils and its potential impact on CO2 emission

The rate of oxidation of peat soils is highly seasonal and varies with temperature and soil moisture content. Large variations in soil moisture content result in wet–dry cycles that can enhance peat degradation. Water‐table management plays a crucial role in controlling and damping the effect of these environmental factors. However, maintaining high ditch water levels in fields bounded by ditches does not guarantee a high field groundwater level. The effect of installing subsurface irrigation at different spacings on water table elevation was studied in a low‐lying peat grassland. The water table elevation data were compared against values predicted with a water balance model. In addition, greenhouse experiments were carried out on undisturbed soil core samples collected from the peat grassland as well as a low‐lying peatland under intensive arable faming to measure CO₂ evolution under different water regimes. The field data from the peat grassland suggest that sub‐irrigation spacing as low as 10 m is necessary during summer periods to maintain groundwater levels similar to those in the ditches. Over the same period of observation, the difference in water level between the ditches and the non‐irrigated fields is as high as 0.7 m. Modelled outputs are in good correlation with the field observations, and demonstrate that simple water balance models can provide an effective tool to study the effect of water management practices and potential changes in subsurface conditions, climate and land use on water‐table levels. The measurement of CO₂ emission from undisturbed peat soil columns shows that the rate of oxidation of soil organic matter from peat soils is highly seasonal and that drainage exacerbates the rate of peat mineralization.     

电动和手动喷雾器水稻田喷雾农药利用率及雾滴分布比较

【目的】比较手动和电动喷雾器在水稻上喷施3种农药的有效利用率及药液雾滴分布效果。【方法】在惠州市惠阳区两个镇和博罗县两个镇开展晚稻农药利用率小区试验,供试药剂为50%吡蚜酮水分散粒剂、5%氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂和2%春雷霉素水剂,农药药液加入诱惑红示踪剂,采用五点取样法、雾滴卡和分光光度计(501 nm)等方法和仪器。【结果】电动喷雾器喷施吡蚜酮、氯虫苯甲酰胺和春雷霉素3种药液的农药利用率分别为39.43%、38.03%和38.98%,而手动喷雾器处理的农药利用率分别为29.02%、28.08%和28.50%,电动喷雾器处理比手动喷雾处理分别提高10.41、9.95、10.93个百分点,且电动喷雾器处理的农药利用率均显著高于手动喷雾器处理。雾滴沉积分布试验结果表明:手动和电动喷雾器处理雾滴沉积量在水稻均是自上而下逐渐递减,且水稻不同层间雾滴沉积量差异显著。雾滴粒径分析结果表明:手动喷雾器处理在水稻中层和下层的雾滴粒径均显著大于电动喷雾器处理。雾滴数量分析结果表明:电动喷雾器处理在水稻中层和下层雾滴数量均高于手动喷雾器处理,且下层雾滴数量达到差异显著水平。【结论】电动喷雾器在广东省晚造水稻抽穗期喷施3种药剂的农药利用率均大于38%,比手动喷雾器处理提高9.95～10.41个百分点,且电动喷雾器比手动喷雾器的雾化效果更优。     

冰心寓壶赤子情怀——写在吴远明捐赠历代紫砂茶具之后

紫砂茶具最早出现于明代中期，历经明清以及近代，留存至今的历代紫砂艺人作品数量并不多。吴远明先生由爱茶进而爱壶，对紫砂茶具的痴迷非同常人。经过近四十年的努力，收藏的历代紫砂精品终成规模。而后，悉数捐赠给中茶叶博物馆，实现了其“独乐乐不如众乐乐”的人生目标。     

The estimation of losses of potassium and magnesium from chalky soils in southern England: laboratory studies

Abstract. Ten chalk topsoils (0-25 cm) were repacked into columns in the laboratory. After leaching similar to one year's throughflow in the field, loss of K was equivalent to between 9 and 74kg K/ha. This represented between 3 and 30% of the initial exchangeable K with which loss was poorly correlated. Loss was dependant on the soil solution concentration and was inversely proportional to potassium buffer power.
The loss of magnesium in the same columns was between 10 and 22 kg Mg/ha (6-21% of the initial exchangeable Mg). Magnesium loss was poorly correlated with exchangeable Mg.
When KCl fertilizer was incorporated into the soils, the increase in leaching of potassium was 1–35% of the K addition. Application to the top of the column resulted in less leaching than when the K was incorporated. Leaching of magnesium was increased by up to 5 kg Mg/ha.
Potassium leaching may be delayed by the underlying A/C horizon but pure chalk, with an extremely low buffer power for K, has little ability to retain K. Extremely calcareous topsoils were the most leaky although in practice it is the organic chalk soils on which it is most difficult to attain adequate K levels. On all chalk soils, maintenance of a high K level with K fertilizer is likely to cause unnecessary long-term leaching losses. Annual, rather than biennial, fertilizer applications are to be preferred.