建筑工程的投标策略和报价技巧

投标报价是工程投标的核心，是投标人经营决策的重要内容。要想在投标竞争中以最满意的报价，获得业主的青睐，就应在投标时做好投标决策和投标策略工作，并灵活应用各种投标报价技巧，出奇制胜，争取中标。     

Determinants of hunting rental prices: A hedonic analysis

Abstract

The right to hunt on a specific area is a complex leisure good including a number of elements, each of which is itself a tangible or intangible consumer good. This article examines factors influencing the price of area-specific hunting rentals as revealed through the accounts of 120 private Danish forest enterprises. Three hedonic models are presented. They include five or six parameters, their adjusted R ² values range from 0.46 to 0.50 and the standard deviations of the residuals are €12.77–13.86?ha^?1. Evidence was found that the price of hunting rentals increases with the proportion of oak and other broadleaves, indicating that hunters appreciate structural diversity in the forest. In addition, the average rent per hectare was observed to decrease when the proportion of the area rented out for hunting increases.     

聚氨酯多元醇水分散体的合成

行为资产定价研究引起了国内外的广泛关注，但由于现实资本市场中诸多异象的存在，导致人们对经典资产定价模型的质疑。经济周期波动会对投资者的理性产生显著影响，而非理性投资可能引发金融危机。据此，引入经济周期这一独特视角，剖析前景理论对资产定价的作用机理；提出相关假设，对BHS模型进行修正，以适应经济周期影响下的行为资产定价问题研究。     

具有成本差异的循环经济寡头垄断定价模型

循环经济是资源高效利用和环境可持续的经济模式,但是由于外部性、规模经济和投资贴现等因素的存在,其企业的成本高于传统经济型企业。通过对寡头垄断定价模型的分析,得出:当寡头垄断市场未完全覆盖时,后进入的循环经济型企业定价高于传统经济型企业;随着市场逐渐被完全覆盖,循环经济型企业的定价低于传统经济型企业;并且随着循环经济型产品附加效用的增加,这两类企业的定价都逐渐降低。     

Integrating Mechanism of Standard Costing Activity-Based Costing and Inner Transfer Pricing

According to the mutual relations of standard costing,activity-based costing and inner transfer pricing, this paper explores systematically the approaches of the integrations of the above three in the large or medium enterprises that carry out decentralized management. Further, we raise three models as external report model, internal decision model and social contribution model, based on the financial accounting, managerial accounting and incremental accounting respectively. Finally, we investigate the principle of stratified application of the integration of standard costing, activity-based costing and inner transfer pricing, in the perspective of practice. The formula is presented that decomposes the inner transfer pricing, budgets the comprehensive cost and converses the variable cost & materiel cost into the manufacturing cost.     

Comparatively Research of Methods of Electricity Pricing at Transitional Period in China

With the reform toward power market processing, how to decide electricity price becomes a key problem which one power plant have to face. So in this paper, the authors show two ways to the problem, a pricing model by account and a pricing model by economics, then they analyze the cost structure and counting principle of three-electricity price, which is determined by the methods of repayment of capital with interest (RCI pricing), of the operation period (OP pricing) and of marginal cost (MC pricing). Then similarities and differences among these three pricing methods existing in the transitional period are examined by a case in china. The indicate that it is important and inevitable to reform RCI pricing, to popularize OP pricing and to transfer to MC pricing.     

Economic incentives reduce irrigation deliveries and drain water volume

This paper describes the application of an economic incentive program to achieve water quality objectives by motivating improvements in farm-level water management practices. The program includes farm-specific water allotments, tiered water pricing, and low-interest loans for purchasing irrigation equipment. The implementation of this program in a California water district has resulted in significant reductions in irrigation deliveries and drain water volume. Since the program was implemented, average irrigation depths have declined by 25% on cotton fields, 9% on tomatoes, 10% on cantaloupes, 30% on seed alfalfa, and 29% on grain fields. The average volume of drain water collected each year in subsurface drainage systems has declined from 4.8 million m³ during 1986 through 1989 to 2.6 million m³ during 1990 through 1993. These results confirm that economic incentives can be effective in generating improvements in water quality.     

Pricing Methodology of the New Issue of Public Offerings in Shanghai Stock Market

Based on the efficiency market theory, considering the relationship between A share prices in Shanghai stock market and factors such as earnings per share, net asset value per share, industry price/earning ratios, this paper builds the multiple regression model between the opening A share prices at the time point of March 1st,2001 and their corresponding financial indexes. Then, according to the fact that the net asset value per share after the new issue will change in the same rate with the issuing prices, this paper calculates the relationship between them and gives out the new issue pricing model which considers 5 factors, including such factors as the A share composite indexes in shanghai stock market. This model is very meaningful and compensates the deficiency of the traditional pricing methodology which considers only the P/E ratios.     

The Impact of Water Pricing Policy on Local Environment - An Analysis of Three Irrigation Districts in China

As a high priority in dealing with the problem of water scarcity, the effect of water pricing policy remains a controversial issue, especially the environmental effect. Using household-level panel data of three irrigation districts (IDs) in the northern China, this paper probes the potential impact of water price rising on local environment. The examination shows that farmers will reduce the rice area as a response to the rising surface water prices. The changing cropping pattern will exert three-fold environmental impacts, including the dropping groundwater level resulting from the reduction of seepage and percolation of irrigated water and overexploitation of groundwater, the negative effect of non-point pollution from fertilizer and pesticide application, and the loss of field irrigation facilities. Water pricing is not a valid means of significantly reducing agricultural water consumption due to the substitution of groundwater for surface water, it will lead to negative environmental effect. It is an imperative task for Chinese government to improve the management efficiency at IDs.     

国内农业灌溉水价研究综述

以我国农业用水资源紧张与低效利用并存及建立节约型社会为背景,作者对水价的研究进展和水价影响农户采用节水技术两个方面的研究进行了综述.