油橄榄枝条及果实生长规律研究

以甘肃陇南大面积栽培的油橄榄莱星品种为试材,研究其枝条生长及果实生长节律。结果表明：油橄榄新梢的整个年高生长进程呈现＂快—慢—快—慢＂的节律,油橄榄新梢生长与发育天数的拟合曲线为,在年生长周期内,出现3次生长高峰,即4月1~15日、6月16~30日之间及8月14~29日;果实年生长出现的2次生长高峰期,分别是在6月下旬至7月上中旬和9月中下旬。并根据枝条与果实生长发育规律,提出了施肥建议。     

油橄榄果脱苦实验及其单宁含量的变化研究

以云南油橄榄中两个具有代表性的品种阿斯和佛奥果实为原料,应用不同浓度的氢氧化钠水溶液对其进行脱苦实验,测定实验中单宁含量变化,结果表明,阿斯脱苦最佳氢氧化钠浓度为1.5％ ～3.0％,其中浓度为1.5％、2.0％、2.5％、3.0％,所需脱苦时间分别为11.5h、9h、6h、5.5h；佛奥脱苦最佳氢氧化钠浓度为2.0％～3.5％,其中浓度为2.0％、2.5％、3.0％、3.5％,所需脱苦时间分别为9.5h、8h、6h、5h.存脱苦过程中,溶液浓度愈低的油橄榄相对单宁含量越高.实验得出阿斯及佛奥两品种在不同氢氧化钠水溶液及不同脱苦时间的单宁含量变化曲线,对工业生产具有指导意义.     

Integrated control of verticillium wilt of olive with cryptonol in combination with a solar chamber and fertilizer

A study was conducted during 2 years to determine the effects of three different control measures on the development of Verticillium wilt on olive trees cv. ‘Nabali’ at Al-Hallabat, Jordan. The causal agent of the wilt wasVerticillium dahliae Kleb. Treating diseased trees with Cryptonol (8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate) in a soil drench, or covering trees with a solar chamber for 15 days, was effective in suppressing disease development. The fertilizer treatment (NPK, 15:15:30) decreased disease severity and percent infection. All decreases are in comparison with the untreated control, and as recorded during the active phase of the pathogen. The treatments did not differ significantly from each other, and disease incidence in treated trees remained lower than in the control throughout the examined period.     

Tomato fruits as an alternative host for a laboratory strain of the olive fruit flyBactrocera oleae

In nature, oviposition and larval growth of the olive fruit flyBactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae) occur only in the mesocarp of fruits of the genusOlea, including the cultivated olive. Here we report on its growth in tomatoes, in the laboratory, as affected by a number of factors. Caged flies from a colony reared for more than 100 generations on an artificial diet, oviposited in intact fruits of four tomato cultivars in an unheated greenhouse and in the open. In choice tests, at 25°C, 16L:8D and 65% r.h., medium (5–6 cm diam) and large (>6 cm diam) fruits received more eggs than small (3–4 cm diam) fruits, but differences were not significant in all cases. In all cultivars, more eggs were laid in greenhouse than in open-air tomatoes of three different degrees of maturity, the differences being significant in most cases. The smaller the resistance of a cultivar’s epicarp to penetration by flat ended 0.2 and 1 mm square probes, the greater the number of eggs a cultivar received. Green (unripe) fruits proved unsuitable for larval growth. Half-ripe and fully ripe (red) fruits of cvs. ‘Isidro’, ‘204’, ‘Tobo’ and ‘Ace’ yielded pupae of acceptable weight (mean 5.6 to 6.7 mg) with a high percentage of adult emergence, yet the yield was considerably lower than that of olive fruit. Fully ripe greenhouse Isidro tomatoes yielded an average of 3.2 adults per fruit and 20.4% of the eggs laid developed into adults, whereas the other categories and cultivars yielded less. The mean percentages of pupae over eggs were higher in fully ripe Isidro and 204 fruits, than in half-ripe Tobo and Ace ones. The mean time from oviposition to pupation ranged from 16.2 to 25 days, depending on the cultivar and degree of fruit maturity. In fully ripe Isidro and 204 fruits, the fewer the eggs laid per fruit, the higher the percent yield in pupae and the longer the time from oviposition to pupation. Greenhouse fully ripe fruits of cv. 204 maintained under a low light intensity of 50 lux gave a much lower yield in pupae and slower larval growth than under 1600 lux. The usefulness of tomatoes as substitutes of artificial diets in rearing the fly is discussed. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 20, 2005.     

Species of the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and C. boninense complexes associated with olive anthracnose

The taxonomic status of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu lato (s.l.) associated with olive anthracnose is still undetermined and the pathogenic ability of this species complex is controversial. In the present study, isolates obtained from olive and provisionally identified as C. gloeosporioides s.l. on the basis of morphological and cultural features were reclassified using ITS and TUB2 as DNA barcode markers and referred to seven distinct species, recently separated within C. gloeosporioides (C. aenigma, C. gloeosporioides sensu stricto (s.s.), C. kahawae, C. queenslandicum, C. siamense and C. theobromicola) and C. boninense (C. karstii) species complexes. Furthermore, isolates of C. kahawae were ascribed to the subspecies ciggaro by analysing the GS gene. A single isolate, not in either of these two species complexes, was not identified at the species level. In pathogenicity tests on detached olive drupes some of these species, including C. aenigma, C. kahawae subsp. ciggaro, C. queenslandicum, C. siamense and C. karstii, were shown to be weakly pathogenic. Moreover, they were found very sporadically on olive. In contrast, some isolates of C. gloeosporioides s.s. and isolates of C. theobromicola proved to be virulent on both green and ripening olives. This study gives a better insight into both the aetiology and the epidemiology of olive anthracnose and might have implications for biosecurity and quarantine because C. theobromicola has never been reported in major European olive‐producing countries.     

南方油橄榄适宜良种及其授粉品种筛选

为筛选适宜我国南方红壤区雨热同步气候条件的油橄榄良种及其配套授粉品种,本研究选用10个油橄榄品种(豆果、费切罗、佛奥、柯基、丽蒙娜、小苹果、尼Ⅰ、贝·诺切拉、佩兰扎纳和塔吉)在浙江省丽水市进行为期5年的田间试验,分析比较了不同品种的营养生长、鲜果产量和含油率等性状指标。结果表明,尼Ⅰ、豆果和柯基3个品种具有以下优良特性:树形中等,树高和冠幅分别介于357.7~380.0 cm和342.5~369.2 cm之间;适应性较强,新梢落叶率低,为13.9%~17.0%;早实,幼树期均为2年;初果期第3年挂果株率分别达100%、90%和65%,单株产量分别为16.4、10.9和5.9 kg,分居参试品种(同一自然年份)前三位;果实含油率中等,分别为11.4%、10.5%和7.5%,是我国南方发展油橄榄的适宜良种。进一步研究发现,上述3个品种自花可实,自花坐果率为1.1%~4.2%,但自然坐果率和异花坐果率更高,分别为3.1%~9.9%和2.4%~10.3%,因此建园时有必要配置适宜的授粉品种,具体为尼Ⅰ×柯基、豆果×佩兰扎纳以及柯基×豆果。本研究对油橄榄良种筛选进行了有益的探索,对南方发展油橄榄生产具有现实的指导意义。     

5个西班牙油橄榄品种苗木的年生长规律

为了解油橄榄品种年生长节律,制订相应的栽培管理措施,对引进的5个西班牙品种进行了苗高和地径的研究。结果表明引进品种的苗高和地径生长规律相同,生长曲线均符合"S"型的生长曲线,可采用Logsitic生长曲线拟合,苗高和地径在年周期中均出现2个生长高峰期,其生长高峰主要集中在6~9月份,但不同品种间苗高和地径生长量存在着显著的差异,其中品种Empeltre和Arbosana的苗高和地径生长量均高于品种Hojiblanca、Manzanill0和Cornicabra。     

佛奥油橄榄叶营养成分测定与分析

采用GC-MS、ICP-AES、杜马斯燃烧法及离子色谱-积分安培检测法等分别测定了佛奥油橄榄叶中的脂溶性成分、矿质元素、蛋白质、氨基酸等营养成分。结果显示,油橄榄叶中酯类占挥发性总成分的26.81%,脂肪酸占18.46%,1-十九碳烯和角鲨烯占1.62%,油酸酰胺占2.00%,维生素E占2.68%,可可碱6.88%,(Z)-9,17-十八碳二烯醛占5.53%;而油橄榄叶中灰分占4.9%,其灰分中Ca质量分数最高,占总灰分的30.5%,其次为K、Mg和P,不含As、Hg和Pb重金属元素。同时研究结果显示油橄榄叶中蛋白质为11.46%,粗脂肪3.0%,粗纤维占15.8%,氨基酸丰富且质量分数较高,氨基酸总量约占干物质的0.991%。尤其富含甘氨酸、组氨酸和缬氨酸,但精氨酸含量甚微。因此,油橄榄叶因其含有诸多动物所需的营养成分可为生物饲料领域提供优质饲料的加工原料。     

精深加工视野下的云南木本油料产业发展

介绍云南省木本油料产业加工现状,认为目前存在着加工方法落后,精深加工企业匮乏,产品缺乏创新等问题。藉此提出引进国外先进机器,构建机械化生产加工体系,扶持精深加工企业,打造知名品牌,研发新产品等对策与建议。     

橄榄果实的冷藏适温与冷害初报

檀香橄榄果实在２、６、１０℃下进行贮藏试验．结果表明，低温可以抑制橄榄果实的呼吸作用，延缓呼吸高峰的出现，抑制过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）和过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）活性，延缓果实的成熟衰老，抑制病原菌的生长．２、６℃低温下橄榄果实细胞电解质渗漏升高，当渗漏率达到５．００ｍｍｓ－１时（贮藏６０ｄ）果实遭受不可逆的冷害．１０℃贮温下的橄榄果实贮藏效果最好，贮藏６０ｄ，好果率仍保持１００％，失重率为１．９９％，肉质脆嫩，果皮、果肉、果核均未发生褐变，具有新鲜果实的原有风味、颜色和品质．建议在６－１０℃下进一步探讨橄榄果实的冷藏适温