Growth,nutrient acquisition,and physiological responses of three olive cultivars to induced salt stress

Three olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars Nabali Baladi (NB), Nabali Muhassan (NM), and Grossi Di'Espagna (GE) were evaluated under salt stress. Seedlings were treated with salinity induced by a 3:1 ratio of calcium chloride and sodium chloride to four concentration levels measured as electrical conductivity (EC) [1.2, 4.1, 7.0, and 14.0 dS/m] for 122 days. Olive seedlings varied in their response to salinity. In all treatments, NB had the highest root; stem and leaf dry weights had among the highest total plant dry weights, specific stem length (SSL) and relative water content (RWC). NB seedlings maintained the highest stomatal conductance at 7.0 dS/m and highest chlorophyll index at 14.0 dS/m. Olive seedlings that tolerated salt tolerance developed mechanisms of nutrient acquisition and distribution in the organs, by storing minimal amounts of sodium (Na⁺) and chloride (Cl^?) in the stems and loading the most in the leaves and roots.     

Effects of olive pomace on growth performance,digestibility, body composition and fatty acid profile in yearling Siberian sturgeon,Acipenser baerii (Brandt 1896)

Replacement of olive pomace (OP) with wheat flour in diet was studied in diet of yearling Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii). Fish (165 ± 6.8 g) were randomly allocated to 15 fibreglass tanks (15 fish/tank, in triplicate). Fish were assigned to one of five dietary treatments at 19.1 ± 1.5°C for 8 weeks: control diet (crude protein and crude lipid at 514.6 and 188 g/kg_, respectively) and four experimental diets with 20, 50, 75 and 100 g/kg OP to replace wheat flour in the experimental diets. No significant difference was observed in the final weight, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate, hepatosomatic index, viscera‐somatic index and survival rate among the treatments (p > 0.05). No change was seen in digestibility of protein and lipid in diets containing 20 g/kg and 50 g/kg OP compared to control group, while these values decreased with increasing in OP above 50 g/kg. Digestibility of dry matter and gross energy among the treatments demonstrated no significant difference (p > 0.05). Polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially C22:6n3 (DHA), in the muscle of the fish fed 75 g/kg and 100 g/kg OP in diets were significantly higher than control group (p < 0.05). These data show that OP could be recommended as a substitute for wheat flour in diet of S. sturgeon but its utilization for other species warranted future works.     

C‐Factors of the Universal Soil Loss Equation for olive plantations in Western Anatolia (central Ege Region)

In the course of investigations into soil erosion and its prediction in Western Anatolia (Ege region), C‐factors of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE / ABAG) were also determined for various agricultural culture systems, including olive orchards. Because of the extreme level of input and expenditure required for field tests in such an investigation, the necessary information was instead acquired from surveys of agricultural organizations and local experts, along with additional own assessments. The information collected was analyzed in the form of a partly analogous application of specific values available in the USLE and ABAG, respectively. So the C‐factor estimation was performed dependent on analogous deductions. Necessary information about the seasonal course of rainfall erosivity in the area under investigation was acquired from a relevant Turkish study. Erosion problems in olive plantations result particularly from the intensity of soil tillage practices and from the treatment of the undergrowth (= weed and grass). That the level of the C‐factor of an olive plantation can be substantially influenced by this value alone is demonstrated by a comparison with the effect of the simultaneously determined second C‐factor component, namely the canopy effect of the trees themselves. The information gained can be used as a basis for recommendations to control erosion in olive plantations.     

Effects of feeding frequency and feed type on the growth,feed utilization and body composition of juvenile olive flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus

A factorial (3 × 4) feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding frequency and feed type on the growth performance, feed utilization and body proximate composition of juvenile olive flounder. Three feed types including a sinking moist pellet (MP), a sinking dry pellet (DP) and a floating extruded pellet (EP) were used. Fish (average weight, 11.1 ± 0.4 g) were randomly distributed in thirty‐six 300 L tanks in a flowthrough system. Triplicate groups (30 fish per tank) of fish were fed each feed type to visual satiation at three meals per day, two meals per day, one meal per day and one meal every 2 days for 7 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, the survival of fish was not significantly different among the treatments. Weight gain was affected by the feeding frequency. The highest weight gain was observed in fish fed the EP at three meals per day. The daily feed intake of fish fed the MP and DP tended to be higher than that of fish fed the EP at each feeding frequency. The feed efficiency and the protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the EP were higher than those of fish fed the MP and DP. The body proximate composition of fish was altered by the feeding frequency. The crude lipid content increased with the increase in the feeding frequency. The present findings suggest that three feedings per day at visual satiation of the floating EP may be sufficient for the maximal growth performance of olive flounder grown from 11 to 60 g.     

从巨噬细胞极化角度分析不同油脂饮食对小鼠腹股沟皮下脂肪组织沉积的影响

为分析两种脂肪供能条件下3种不同油脂饮食对小鼠腹股沟皮下脂肪沉积及其巨噬细胞分型的影响，90只C57BL/6 J小鼠被随机分为6组，分别饲喂低脂猪油(Lar-10%)、低脂菜籽油(Rap-10%)、低脂橄榄油(Oli-10%)、高脂猪油(Lar-30%)、高脂菜籽油(Rap-30%)和高脂橄榄油(Oli-30%)，16周后解剖取腹股沟皮下脂肪组织，并对其进行苏木精-伊红染色，活性氧(Reactive oxygen species，ROS)含量检测，M1、M2型巨噬细胞标记物(CD11c和CD206)荧光双染，并通过ELISA检测其含量。结果表明:1)在低脂饮食条件下，三种油脂对小鼠腹股沟皮下脂肪组织重量、脂肪细胞横截面积、腹股沟皮下脂肪ROS含量均无显著影响(P>0.05)；2)随着脂肪供能水平的提高，小鼠腹股沟皮下脂肪沉积显著增加(P<0.05)，在高脂饮食条件下，Lar-30%组的小鼠腹股沟皮下脂肪组织重量显著高于Rap-30%和Oli-30%组(P<0.05)，并且相对于其他两组，Oli-30%组小鼠腹股沟皮下脂肪组织中ROS含量极显著降低(P<0.01)；3)高脂饮食会增加脂肪组织中巨噬细胞标记物CD11c和CD206的含量，但摄入橄榄油的小鼠CD206/CD11c比值显著高于摄入猪油和菜籽油的小鼠(P<0.05)。综上，降低脂肪供能水平能有效减少脂肪沉积，且与摄入猪油和菜籽油相比，摄入橄榄油可能通过增加CD206/CD11c比值，抑制巨噬细胞向M1型转化，减少脂肪组织中ROS的产生，降低炎症，从而减少脂肪沉积。     

甘肃油橄榄生产机械化技术研究与试验示范

甘肃省陇南市是我国油橄榄特色产业主产区，大部分油橄榄种植在丘陵山地，运输、田间管理、采摘等关键环节“无机可用、无好机用”。为解决甘肃省油橄榄机械化生产技术难题，通过考察分析油橄榄主产区种植特点和果园地形条件，提出以山地单轨运输车、田园管理机、机械辅助采摘平台为配套机具的油橄榄机械化生产技术模式。经过试验示范，山地单轨运输车运输能力为人工的11倍，节约运输成本50%，机械辅助采摘平台的采摘效率比纯人工采摘提高33%，实现油橄榄生产提质增效和农民节本增收。     

单偏心式油橄榄振动采收机仿真优化与试验

为提高油橄榄的振动收获效率，针对油橄榄密植果园的种植环境，设计一种单偏心块悬挂式油橄榄采收机。通过对果实进行受力分析得到果实脱落加速度可简化为果实果柄结合力与果实质量的比值，测量得到脱落加速度的90%分位数为1 113.35 m/s²。通过正交试验仿真研究果树树形参数(主干直径、主干高度、主枝夹角)和激振参数(激振频率、激振力)之间关系，并对仿真与试验相关性进行分析，表明仿真与试验的平均相关系数为0.73,平均相对误差为26.5%,主干直径和主干高度对激振参数有显著影响。使用采收样机对油橄榄(莱星)进行了试验，结果表明：夹持点振幅与激振频率呈正相关关系；果树侧枝3个监测点的共振频率为22.5 Hz,与响应面试验结果的21.8 Hz相近；油橄榄树的平均采净率约为91.22%,且无果实损伤。     

油橄榄砧木‘田园1号’嫁接对‘阿波桑娜’叶片和果实形态及生理性状的影响

【目的】研究油橄榄砧木品种‘田园1号’对其与‘阿波桑娜’嫁接后的嫁接树叶片和果实形态及生理性状的影响，探讨‘田园1号’嫁接‘阿波桑娜’在生产应用上的可行性，为该砧木及其砧穗组合的栽培与应用推广提供理论依据。【方法】以油橄榄品种‘田园1号’‘阿波桑娜’及其嫁接树为试材，对叶片与果实形态、叶片解剖结构、叶片光合色素和营养元素含量以及果实脂肪酸含量进行测定分析，并进行性状方差分析、多重比较和相关性分析。【结果】与‘阿波桑娜’扦插树比较，嫁接树叶片形状和纵向弯曲度及果实和果核的形状、对称性、最大横截面位置等性状无明显变化，叶片的长、宽、面积、周长也与‘阿波桑娜’扦插树无显著差异，但果实和果核的纵径、横径、质量等显著减小。嫁接树的叶片厚度和栅栏组织厚度较‘阿波桑娜’扦插树显著减小，但海绵组织厚度和栅海比无显著变化。嫁接树叶片总叶绿素和叶绿素a含量较‘阿波桑娜’扦插树显著增加，而叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素含量和叶绿素a/叶绿素b无显著变化。与‘阿波桑娜’扦插树相比，嫁接树叶片中N、Ca、Mg、Mn含量显著增加，K、Zn含量显著减少，P、Cu、B含量无显著变化。从‘阿波桑娜’扦插树及其嫁接树的果实中共检测出12种脂肪酸，其中含量较高的前5种为油酸、棕榈酸、亚油酸、棕榈油酸和亚麻酸，这5种脂肪酸和饱和脂肪酸（SFA）、不饱和脂肪酸（UFA）、单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）、多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）含量以及UFA/SFA、MUFA/PUFA在两种树间均无显著差异。相关性分析结果表明，叶绿素b含量与N、Ca、Mn含量呈显著正相关，叶绿素a和b含量与Zn含量呈极显著负相关；果实主要脂肪酸含量与叶片光合色素和营养元素含量间相关性均不显著。【结论】砧木‘田园1号’嫁接‘阿波桑娜’增加了嫁接树叶片叶绿素和N、Ca、Mg、Mn含量，促进了嫁接树生长结实，且对叶片和果实形态、果实脂肪酸组成和含量未产生显著负面影响，可以在生产中应用推广。