Performance,rumen fermentation and blood metabolites of dairy calves fed starter mixtures supplemented with herbal plants,essential oils or monensin

This study evaluated the supplementation effects of three herbal plants (thyme [THY], eucalyptus [EUC] and celery [CEL]), a commercial phytogenic additive ?containing essential oils (PFA‐EO, Digestarom^® P.E.P.) and monensin (MON) in calf starter on performance, rumen fermentation and blood metabolites during pre‐ (days 3–55) and post‐weaning (days 56–70). Sixty‐six Holstein dairy calves (3 days of age, 41.2 ± 3 kg of BW) were allocated to one of six starters supplemented with: (i) no additives (CON), (ii) MON (30 mg/kg), (iii) THY (23 g/kg), (iv) CEL (23 g/kg), (v) EUC (23 g/kg) and (vi) PFA‐EO (3 g/kg). All the calves were offered starters ad libitum plus 6 L of whole milk daily. Starter intake tended to be the highest in calves fed PFA‐EO and THY; intermediate in calves fed CON, MON and EUC; and the lowest in those fed CEL. Average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (FE) remained unaffected by dietary treatments during the pre‐weaning. During the post‐weaning period, ADG and FE ?were greatest in calves fed EUC followed by those fed CON, MON, PFA‐EO and THY, and then in those fed CEL. No differences were observed among the treatments in skeletal growth, faecal score, rumen pH or ammonia‐N concentration. Compared to calves fed CON and MON, those fed the herbal plants or PFA‐EO tended to recorded higher molar proportions of acetate and butyrate, and the acetate: propionate ratio. Blood malondialdehyde level did not differ among treatments, but calves on CON had the highest glucose concentration, and those fed PFA‐EO recorded the highest value for β‐hydroxyl butyrate on day 70. In conclusion, the results indicate that the three herbs and PFA‐EO are capable of modulating some of the rumen fermentation parameters and blood metabolites as well as eucalyptus could potentially be a better alternative to monensin for improving post‐weaning performance.     

Efficacy of essential oils combination on performance,ileal bacterial counts,intestinal histology and immunocompetence of laying hens fed alternative lipid sources

This study was carried out to assess the effects of a blend of herbal essential oils (namely Thymus vulgaris, Mentha piperita, Rosmarinus offisinalis and Anethum graveolens) and different dietary lipid sources on the performance, ileal bacterial enumeration, intestinal histological alterations and immune responses in laying hens. For this purpose, a total of 150 laying hens were randomly allocated to six experimental treatments with five replicates of five birds each. Dietary treatments consisted of three levels of a mixture of essential oils (0, 100 and 200 mg/kg) and two sources of lipid (soybean oil and fish oil containing different ratios of n‐6 to n‐3 fatty acids) fed to the animals during an 80‐days feeding trial. Findings indicated that dietary administration of fish oil not only increased significantly the spleen relative weight (p < 0.01) and the antibody titre against Newcastle virus (p < 0.05) but also led to reductions in liver relative weight (p < 0.05) and feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05). Moreover, the mixture of herbal essential oils brought about declines in hepatic relative weight, heterophile to lymphocyte ratio (p < 0.05) and intestinal pathogen populations (p < 0.01). Mention must also be made of the improvements it made in spleen weight (p < 0.01), antibody titres against SRBC (p < 0.01) and Newcastle virus (p < 0.05), villus height to crypt depth ratio (p < 0.01), goblet cell numbers (p < 0.05), lamina propria lymphatic follicle diameters (p < 0.01) and feed conversion ratio (p = 0.06). It may be claimed that the enhancements observed in the performance of laying hens fed fish oil and 200 mg/kg of the blend of essential oils could have potentially been associated with improved intestinal health indices as well as cellular and humoral immune responses.     

烧鸡风味复合辛香料精油、油树脂和超微粉的GC-MS对比分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法、超临界CO2萃取法和低温冷冻粉碎法等不同加工方法制备烧鸡风味复合辛香料深加工产品精油、油树脂和超微粉,并对其进行了风味成分的GC-MS对比分析.试验结果表明:3种辛香料深加工产品的风味成分存在差异,α-蒎烯、β-松油烯、桉叶油醇、γ-松油烯、丁香酚为三者共有成分、但含量存在差异,而有些成分为两者共有或...     

Ethyl acetate fraction of flavonoids from Polygonum hydropiper L. modulates pseudorabies virus-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 cells via the nuclear factor-kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection leads to severe inflammatory responses and tissue damage, and many natural herbs exhibit protective effects against viral infection by modulating the inflammatory response. An ethyl acetate fraction of flavonoids from Polygonum hydropiper L. (FEA) was prepared through ethanol extraction and ethyl acetate fractional extraction. An inflammatory model was established in RAW264.7 cells with PRV infection to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of FEA by measuring cell viability, nitric oxide (NO) production, reactive oxygen species (ROS) release, and mRNA expression of inflammatory factors, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Its functional mechanism was investigated by analyzing the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of key proteins in the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Our findings indicate that PRV induced inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 cells, and the responses were similar to that in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated cells. FEA significantly suppressed NO synthesis and down-regulated both expression and secretion of COX-2, iNOS, and inflammatory cytokines (P<0.05 or P<0.01). FEA also reduced NF-κB p65 translocation into the nucleus and decreased MAPK phosphorylation, indicating that the NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway may be closely related to the inflammatory response during viral infection. The findings suggested the potential pharmaceutical application of FEA as a natural product that can treat viral infections due to its ability to mitigate inflammatory responses.     

红叶甜菜-花生和油葵-花生轮作修复土壤Cd的能力

利用生物量高的经济作物进行轮作，可在加快修复土壤Cd污染进程的同时获得一定的经济效益。本研究在长沙市望城区群力村Cd轻度污染的土壤进行冬季种植红叶甜菜、夏季复种植花生和春末种植油葵、夏季复种植花生的轮作模式试验，探究重金属修复潜力。结果表明：花生、油葵、红叶甜菜各部位Cd富集系数除花生果实外均大于1，对Cd均有较强的富集能力。油葵-花生、红叶甜菜-花生轮作模式种植一季可提取土壤Cd总量分别为40.80 g·hm^-2和53.34 g·hm^-2。红叶甜菜-花生轮作将土壤Cd含量由0.316 mg·kg^-1降至0.286 mg·kg^-1，油葵-花生轮作一季将土壤Cd含量由0.316 mg·kg^-1降至0.283 mg·kg^-1。研究表明，红叶甜菜-花生、油葵-花生轮作模式均对土壤重金属Cd有较好的修复潜力。     

菜籽油实罐储存品质变化规律研究

通过对2010~2014年大、中、小不同罐容实罐储存的四级菜籽油,采取定点、定罐、定层、定期跟踪观察油罐"三温"变化并取样检测,发现罐温、油温均随着气温的变化而变化,其中罐温最高,油温从上至下依次降低。菜籽油的水分及挥发物、色泽、气味、滋味、加热试验(280℃)等指标在储藏期间变化均较平稳,酸值和过氧化值均呈不断上升趋势,且不同年限的菜籽油其过氧化值上升幅度明显高于酸值。油罐容量越大,满罐存储时其存油品质的稳定性越好。罐内上、中、下层酸值变化差异不明显,上层和底层的过氧化值明显高于中层。严格控制好入罐油品质量,菜籽油储藏4~5年后酸值、过氧化值等质量指标仍可保持在国家限量标准以内。     

通用小型汽油机游车故障的一种非常规排除方法

分析了通用小型汽油机游车的原因，提出了一种较为经济的游车故障排除方法。     

港口原油装船VOCs大气环境影响探讨

收集了原油装船VOCs的估算方法，认为原油装船时VOCs排放量为0.012％，VOCs浓度为0.1kg／m3。采用SCREEN3对其环境影响进行分了析，结果表明：下风向最大浓度出现在400m 处，浓度值7.99mg／m3，直到2700m处，浓度值才小于1mg／m3，直到10000m处，浓度值仍为0.14mg／m3，原油装船VOCs的大气环境影响较大。     

植物精油对动物的促生长作用及作用机制研究进展

伴随着抗生素滥用导致的细菌抗药性问题的出现,各种抗生素替代品的开发与利用取得了一定的进展。植物精油作为一种健康、环保并具有多种功效的新型饲料添加剂在畜牧生产中已经越来越多地被重视和认可。对植物精油的定义、来源、抗菌作用及其在动物生产中的应用以及存在问题进行了综述,旨为植物精油在畜牧生产中的合理应用提供理论依据。     

美味牛肝菌中油脂提取工艺的研究

采用超声波辅助法提取美味牛肝菌中的油脂，在单因素（提取时间、液料比和温度）实验考察的基础上，以油脂提取率为指标，通过响应面法对美味牛肝菌油脂的提取工艺进行优化。实验结果表明：响应面回归模型显著，拟合性好，可用于预测油脂提取率；优化后的油脂提取工艺为：液料比34.2 mL/g，温度36℃，提取时间4.5 h，此条件下油脂提取率为3.54826 %，与模型预测值相符，表明优化的油脂提取工艺合理。