无害化污泥与钼尾矿配施对沙化潮土土壤质量的影响

以小麦-玉米轮作体系下的沙化潮土为研究对象,通过2012—2015年3年5季田间定位试验,选用经过无害化处理且符合国家相关标准的商业化污泥和钼尾矿产品,研究无害化污泥与钼尾矿施用对我国典型沙化潮土土壤质量指标的影响,为无害化污泥与钼尾矿资源化利用提供理论和技术依据。结果表明:45 t·hm~(-2)污泥(W3)与钼尾矿配施对沙化潮土有机质(SOM)的提升效果最明显,SOM在玉米季W3+75 t·hm~(-2)(M1)处理显著增加了165.10%,在小麦季W3+M2处理显著增加了106.10%(P0.05);相比单施同一水平污泥,污泥与75 t·hm~(-2)钼尾矿配施下土壤0.25 mm水稳性团聚体(WR0.25)含量,平均质量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)分别显著升高了38.04%~60.24%,28.45%~45.27%和41.34%~67.77%(P0.05),对促进土壤形成水稳性团聚体以及提高水稳性团聚体稳定性的作用更为突出;45 t·hm~(-2)污泥与75 t·hm~(-2)钼尾矿配施对沙化潮土微生物量碳(SMBC)和微生物量氮(SMBN)提升效果最明显,在玉米季分别显著提高了235.52%和156.79%(P0.05),在小麦季分别显著提高了249.24%和128.32%(P0.05);单施污泥和污泥配施75 t·hm~(-2)钼尾矿处理土壤微生物量熵(q MB)在玉米季和小麦季分别显著提高了21.95%~46.25%和36.38%~71.17%(P0.05)。但污泥与高量钼尾矿配施,SMBC、SMBN和q MB较单施同一水平污泥和与75 t·hm~(-2)钼尾矿配施的处理在玉米季分别下降了3.89%~19.85%、4.31%~17.86%和6.95%~33.47%,在小麦季分别下降了5.34%~23.24%、4.33%~28.08%和3.09%~32.33%,表明钼尾矿高量施用时会降低微生物活性。由灰色关联度分析方法得出,45 t·hm~(-2)无害化污泥与75 t·hm~(-2)钼尾矿配施(W3+M1)能显著提高沙化潮土SOM、SMBC、SMBN和q MB,并提高土壤平均质量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD),有效改善沙化潮土质量,在3年5季试验期间也未发现土壤和作物籽粒受到重金属污染。同时,W3+M1处理显著提升了土壤肥力等级至Ⅰ级,在此基础上,可以酌情不再施用污泥和钼尾矿。     

正交试验处理下配施锌、镁、钼肥对烤烟钾、氯含量影响

为协调烟株营养平衡,优化烟草专用肥配方,将硫酸锌0、6、12 kg/hm2和硫酸镁0、30、60 kg/hm2及钼酸铵0、90、180 g/hm2按L9(34)方式,运用SPSS 17.0 正交试验设计生成施肥处理表,通过田间试验,研究配施锌、镁、钼肥对烤烟钾、氯含量影响的主次因素,肥料施用量对烤烟钾、氯含量的影响及主体间的效应。结果表明：硫酸锌的施用对烤烟钾含量的影响高于硫酸镁、钼酸铵,就烤烟钾含量而言最佳的配施方案为硫酸锌6 kg/hm2、钼酸铵0 g/hm2、硫酸镁60 kg/hm2;烤烟氯含量受钼酸铵施用的影响高于硫酸锌、硫酸镁。     

硼、钼元素对苜蓿种子的增产效果

采用质量分数为0.4%、0.6%、0.8%的硼砂和0.05%、0.07%、0.09%的钼酸铵在苜蓿Medicago sativa的现蕾期、初花期、盛花期进行叶面喷施。试验结果表明:硼、钼对苜蓿种子增产及种子形成因素有明显效应。其中以质量分数为0.05%的钼酸铵处理对苜蓿种子增产效果最明显,产量增加35%;每花序结荚数增加54.37%,分枝数增加10.96%,荚果种子粒数增加35.68%。硼砂以质量分数为0.8%的处理效果较好,种子产量增产15.56%。     

硼、钼对油菜萌发特性及幼苗生理特性的影响

为全面了解硼、钼与植物膜脂过氧化作用机理,以油菜雅油1号为研究材料,通过对硼、钼不同浓度及适量、过量2个维度的设置,研究了硼、钼对油菜种子萌发特性和幼苗生理特性的影响.结果表明:1)1mg/kg硼或钼处理对油菜萌发后幼苗的生长最有利,且促进作用硼大于钼;而10mg/kg硼或钼处理基本已对油菜生长产生抑制作用.2)缺硼、缺钼对幼苗MP和MDA含量基本无影响,但提高了SOD、CAT和POD的活性;高硼使得幼苗MP和MDA含量显著增加,并抑制了SOD、CAT和POD的活性,而高钼处理没有此效应.     

钼对油菜生长发育的影响

钼是植物的必需微量元素,油菜是对钼敏感的作物。我国油菜主产区存在大面积的缺钼土壤,缺钼已经成为油菜生产中的障碍因子之一。从油菜缺钼症状、油菜对钼的吸收与分布规律、施用钼肥对油菜的生理代谢过程、生长发育、产量及品质的影响等方面概述了油菜钼营养研究进展。     

Molybdenum Determination in Mehlich‐1 and Mehlich‐3 Soil Test Extracts and Molybdenum Adsorption in Brazilian Soils

Abstract

The extractant Mehlich‐1 is routinely used in Brazil for determination of soil nutrients, whereas Mehlich‐3 has been suggested as a promising extractor for soil fertility evaluation. Both were used for extraction of molybdenum (Mo) in Brazilian soils with Mo dosage by the KI+H₂O₂ method. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to study soil Mo adsorption. Mehlich‐1 extracted more Mo than Mehlich‐3 in soils with high contents of organic matter, clay, and iron (Fe) oxides. Mehlich‐3 and Mehlich‐1 extractions correlated positively and significantly with amorphous Fe oxides, crystalline Fe oxides, and organic matter. Molybdenum recovering rates correlated to crystalline Fe oxides and clay contents but not to organic matter, pH, and Mo adsorption capacity. Amorphous and crystalline Fe oxides, clay, and organic matter were responsible for most of the Mo adsorption. The Langmuir isotherm described better the Mo adsorption to soil amorphous Fe oxides and organic matter than the Freundlich isotherm.     

锌、铜对实验性钼中毒绵羊肝脏、肾脏中钼含量的影响

小尾寒羊20只,随机分为5组,分别口服钼、铜和锌(mg/kg),Ⅰ组30mg/kg钼、Ⅱ组30mg/kg钼+15mg/kg铜、Ⅲ组30mg/kg钼+15mg/kg锌、Ⅳ组30mg/kg钼+15mg/kg铜+15mg/kg锌,Ⅴ组去离子水。试验90d期满,采取肝脏和肾脏,硫酸-高氯酸消化,原子吸收法测定钼、锌、铜含量,结果显示,Ⅰ组肝脏钼含量与第Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组差异极显著(P<0.01),Ⅱ、Ⅲ组与Ⅳ、Ⅴ组差异极显著(P<0.01);Ⅳ组肝脏铜含量与Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ组差异极显著(P<0.01),与Ⅱ组差异显著(P<0.05),Ⅱ组肝铜含量与Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ组差异极显著(P<0.01);组间肝脏锌含量均差异极显著(P<0.01)。Ⅰ、Ⅲ组肾钼含量显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组(P<0.01);Ⅱ与Ⅳ、Ⅴ组差异极显著(P<0.01);肾铜含量Ⅲ组与Ⅰ组差异极显著(P<0.01);Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组与Ⅰ、Ⅴ组差异极显著(P<0.01);各组肾脏锌含量差异均极显著(P<0.01)。结果表明,30mg的钼可使肝脏钼含量显著增加(P<0.01),锌、铜含量降低。锌对肝脏钼有很好的颉抗作用,铜、锌有效地降低了钼在组织中的蓄积。     

Increased Concentration of Molybdenum in Sown Wheat Seed Decreases Grain Yield Responses to Applied Molybdenum Fertilizer in Naturally Acidic Sandplain Soils

Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the major crop in southwestern Australia where 75% of the 18 million hectares comprise sandy duplex and deep sandy soils, including uniform yellow sandplain soils. Some of the sandplain soils in the lower rainfall (< 350 mm annual average) eastern region are naturally very acidic (soil pH, as measured in 1:5 soil:0.01 M calcium chloride, 3.7–4.5) in soil horizons explored by wheat roots so molybdenum (Mo) deficiency and aluminium (Al) toxicity adversely affects grain production of wheat. Liming is not an economic option to ameliorate Mo deficiency and Al toxicity in these soils because uneconomical large amounts are required. However, despite Al toxicity, applying Mo fertilizer produces profitable grain yield. The fertilizer also increases Mo concentration in grain, and if this grain was used to sow the next crop, it may reduce the amount of Mo fertilizer required by the subsequent crop. To test this hypothesis we grew wheat in an experiment on naturally acidic sandplain soil (pH 4.5) when either 0 or 160 g/ha fertilizer Mo was applied. The grain harvested at the end of the growing season had Mo concentrations of 0.07 mg/kg when no Mo was applied (low Mo seed) and 0.27 mg/kg when Mo was applied (high Mo seed). In two further field experiments on naturally acidic sandplain soil (pH 4.3 and 4.4) we sowed low and high Mo seed of the same size (36.4 ± 0.2 mg per seed) when 4 rates of Mo fertilizer (0, 35, 70, and 140 g/ha Mo) was applied to soil. Grain yield responses to the Mo fertilizer were 59% for low Mo seed and 55 g/ha fertilizer Mo was required to produce 90% of the maximum grain yield. Corresponding values for high Mo seed were 15% response and 15 g/ha fertilizer Mo. Rather than sowing wheat seed harvested from acidic soils to sow wheat crops on the acidic sandplain soils, we instead recommend seed harvested from alkaline soils with larger concentrations of Mo in the seed be used reducing the rate of fertilizer Mo required for that crop.

The concentration of Mo in the youngest emerged leaf blades (YEB) that was related to 90% of the maximum grain yield (critical prognostic tissue test value for grain production) was about 0.08–0.09 mg/kg at tillering (Gs24) and at emergence of wheat heads (Gs59).     

INTERACTION OF MOLYBDENUM AND PHOSPHORUS SUPPLY ON UPTAKE AND TRANSLOCATION OF PHOSPHORUS AND MOLYBDENUM BY BRASSICA NAPUS

A hydroponic trial was conducted to assess interaction of molybdenum (Mo) and phosphorus (P) on uptake and translocation of P and Mo by Brassica napus. Molybdenum was applied at four rates (0, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg L^?1) and P at three rates (1, 30, and 90 mg L^?1) in nutrient solution. The results indicated that P increased shoot growth and 0.01 mg L^?1 Mo improved the growth of shoots and roots. Molybdenum increased shoot P uptake and root P concentration and uptake when higher P was provided, and had a stimulating effect on P translocation from shoots to roots. P increased shoot Mo concentration and uptake, decreased those in roots, and enhanced Mo transport from roots to shoots. These results implied that both Mo and P had beneficial effects on Mo and P absorption and translocation and co-application of them were necessary to promote growth and utilization of Mo and P for Brassica napus.