绵羊(ATAG)n四碱基微卫星位点的筛选及其在亲子鉴定中的应用

本试验旨在筛选绵羊高度多态性四碱基微卫星遗传标记,建立适用于绵羊亲子关系鉴定的实验体系。试验以小尾寒羊为主要研究对象,从已有的绵羊参考基因组序列出发,基于全基因组序列筛选法共筛选出53个（ATAG）_n四碱基重复微卫星位点,然后通过基因分型数据共筛选出30个扩增效果好、多态信息含量（PIC）丰富的四碱基重复微卫星位点;30个位点的基因分型结果表明,共扩增出253个等位基因,平均等位基因数为8.433,等位基因数均>5,多态信息含量在0.566~0.898,观测杂合度（Ho）范围在0.548~0.903,期望杂合度（He）范围在0.631~0.921,平均期望杂合度为0.776;哈代-温伯格平衡检验30个位点均处于遗传平衡状态。随后根据PCR的扩增效率从获得的30个多态性位点中筛选出22个微卫星位点用于亲权排除概率的计算,根据多态信息含量的大小由高到低依次增加位点数进行组合。结果表明,在两个亲本的基因型均未知的情况下,标记位点数为15个时,累积排除概率可达到99.99%,其中单个位点的第一非亲排除率（non-exclusion probability of the first parent,NE-1P）介于0.321~0.663之间。利用建立的亲子鉴定体系对16只具有系谱记录的小尾寒羊样本进行检测,结果共鉴定出4个具有高置信度的绵羊家系,鉴定结果与系谱记录完全一致。本试验为绵羊分子系谱的构建、亲子鉴定以及保障绵羊育种工作的正常开展奠定重要基础。     

Oxidative stress drives divergent evolution of the glutathione peroxidase (GPX) gene family in mammals

The molecular basis for adaptations to extreme environments can now be understood by interrogating the ever-increasing number of sequenced genomes. Mammals such as cetaceans, bats, and highland species can protect themselves from oxidative stress, a disruption in the balance of reactive oxygen species, which results in oxidative injury and cell damage. Here, we consider the evolution of the glutathione peroxidase (GPX) family of antioxidant enzymes by interrogating publicly available genome data from 70 mammalian species from all major clades. We identified 8 GPX subclasses ubiquitous to all mammalian groups. Mammalian GPX gene families resolved into the GPX4/7/8 and GPX1/2/3/5/6 groups and are characterized by several instances of gene duplication and loss, indicating a dynamic process of gene birth and death in mammals. Seven of the eight GPX subfamilies (all but GPX7) were under positive selection, with the residues under selection located at or close to active sites or at the dimer interface. We also reveal evidence of a correlation between ecological niches (e.g. high oxidative stress) and the divergent selection and gene copy number of GPX subclasses. Notably, a convergent expansion of GPX1 was observed in several independent lineages of mammals under oxidative stress and may be important for avoiding oxidative damage. Collectively, this study suggests that the GPX gene family has shaped the adaption of mammals to stressful environments.     

禽流感病毒宿主特异性与致病性的分子基础研究进展

禽流感病毒不断重排和变异导致新型流感病毒不断出现,其中有些毒株已经获得了感染哺乳动物的能力,严重危害人类公共卫生安全。近年来,对于禽流感病毒致宿主特异性和致病性的研究取得了一定进展。病毒蛋白某些氨基酸位点的突变就能够改变病毒的宿主特异性,使病毒能够跨宿主传播。而且,病毒的RNA聚合酶、NS1非结构蛋白和几种新发现的病毒蛋白都与病毒的致病性密切相关。论文阐述了禽流感病毒宿主特异性与致病性的分子基础,为禽流感跨物种传播机制研究及防控工作提供参考。     

应用分子靶点药物治疗犬肥大细胞瘤的研究进展

犬肥大细胞瘤因其恶性率和转移率都较高,并且常规化疗药物副作用较强,患犬生存期和生存质量显著下降,因此急需新型的药物进行治疗。近几年,治疗肿瘤的分子靶点药物凭借其疗效好、副作用低的特点,受到越来越广泛的关注,特别是在治疗犬肥大细胞瘤的应用中效果显著。论文重点介绍了欧美小动物临床最常用的伊马替尼、托赛拉尼、马赛替尼这3种以异常KIT为靶点的药物及其药物作用机理及药效,最后介绍了由c-kit基因二次突变所导致的耐药问题及其预防措施,期望能对我国小动物临床医师和科研工作者有所启发。     

华南三省(自治区)部分西番莲种植区花叶病病原检测及EAPV多聚蛋白基因序列分析

<正>西番莲(Passiflora edulis Sims.)是热带亚热带地区重要经济作物,我国福建、广东、广西、海南等地广泛种植[1]。调查发现,我国南方多地西番莲花叶病为害严重,症状表现为叶片花叶、黄化、斑驳、畸形,甚至整株褪绿,严重影响西番莲的产量和品质。已报道能引起西番莲花叶症状的病毒有：黄瓜花叶病毒属(Cucumovirus)的黄瓜花叶病毒(cucumber mosaic virus, CMV),     

Changes in the herbicide sensitivity and competitive ability of Abutilon theophrasti over 28 years: Implications for hormesis and weed evolution

BACKGROUND

The potential of weed species to respond to selection forces affecting the evolution of weedy traits such as competitive ability is poorly understood. This research characterized evolutionary growth changes in a single Abutilon theophrasti Medik. population comparing multiple generations collected from 1988 to 2016. A competition study was performed to understand changes in competitive ability, and a herbicide dose–response study was carried out to assess changes in sensitivity to acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides and glyphosate over time.

RESULTS

When grown in monoculture, A. theophrasti biomass production per plant increased steadily across year-lines while leaf number decreased. In replacement experiments, A. theophrasti plants from newer year-lines were more competitive and produced more biomass and leaf area than the oldest year-line. No clear differences in sensitivity to imazamox were observed among year-lines. However, starting in 1995, this A. theophrasti population exhibited a progressive increase in growth in response to a sublethal dose of glyphosate (52 g a.e. ha⁻¹), with the 2009 and 2016 year-lines having more than 50% higher biomass than the nontreated control.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates that weeds can rapidly evolve increased competitive ability. Furthermore, the results indicate the possibility of changes in glyphosate hormesis over time. These results highlight the importance of the role that rapid (i.e., subdecadal) evolution of growth traits might have on the sustainability of weed management strategies. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

Ace and ace-like genes of invasive redlegged earth mite: copy number variation,target-site mutations,and their associations with organophosphate insensitivity

Background

Invasive Australian populations of redlegged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor (Tucker), are evolving increasing organophosphate resistance. In addition to the canonical ace gene, the target gene of organophosphates, the H. destructor genome contains many radiated ace-like genes that vary in copy number and amino acid sequence. In this work, we characterise copy number and target-site mutation variation at the canonical ace and ace-like genes and test for potential associations with organophosphate insensitivity. This was achieved through comparisons of whole-genome pool-seq data from alive and dead mites following organophosphate exposure.

Results

A combination of increased copy number and target-site mutations at the canonical ace was associated with organophosphate insensitivity in H. destructor. Resistant populations were segregating for G119S, A201S, F331Y at the canonical ace. A subset of populations also had copy numbers of canonical ace > 2, which potentially helps overexpress proteins carrying these target-site mutations. Haplotypes possessing different copy numbers and target-site mutations of the canonical ace gene may be under selection across H. destructor populations. We also detected some evidence that increases in copy number of radiated ace-like genes are associated with organophosphate insensitivity, which might suggest potential roles in sequestration or breakdown of organophosphates.

Conclusion

Different combinations of target-site mutations and (or) copy number variation in the canonical ace and ace-like genes may provide non-convergent ways for H. destructor to respond to organophosphate selection. However, these changes may only play a partial role in organophosphate insensitivity, which appears to have a polygenic architecture. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

棉花分子育种研究进展

本文主要综述了我国近２０年来棉花分子育种在理论基础、技术方法、育种机理以及新品种培育等方面研究取得的成就及新进展，并讨论了棉花分子育种的发展方向     

玉米转基因在分子农业领域的研究进展

植物转基因技术开辟了作物遗传改良的新途径。近年来,随着植物反应器技术的多元化发展以及日趋成熟,以玉米为分子工厂合成一些高价值产品成为研究热点。笔者就以玉米为植物反应器,用其生产糖类、必需氨基酸、不饱和脂肪酸、维生素、微量元素、生物酶、疫苗、抗体等各种高价值分子代谢物进行了综述,以期为中国分子农业领域的研究与应用提供参考。     

On the Development of Urban Spatial Structure in the Information Age

Today the information globalization is the trend of society development. The information technology has great influence not only on the mode of life and production, but also on the urban social and economic structure. In order to fit in with the change in this regard, the urban land-use distribution, residential mode, traffic pattern and so on should be changed correspondingly. Therefore, this change will lead to the development and evolution of whole urban spatial structure. In this paper, the development tendency of urban spatial structure in the information age is analyzed and some proposals on city planning and construction are put forward.