增施氮肥、硼肥对花期遮阴条件下玉米籽粒产量的影响

遮阴已成为影响夏玉米产量的重要因子，提高玉米耐阴性可为高产、抗逆栽培提供理论依据。以‘苏玉29’为试验材料，系统研究了小喇叭口期增施氮肥、硼肥缓解花期遮阴胁迫对夏玉米形态建成、物质积累和产量的影响。结果表明：遮阴处理降低了株高、茎粗、单株叶面积和干物质积累量，并延长了散粉吐丝间隔期。与遮阴处理比，小喇叭口期增施硼肥、氮肥不同程度提高了株高、茎粗、单株叶面积和干物质积累量，且同时增施硼肥、氮肥增幅最大。遮阴处理显著增加了秃尖长，降低了穗粒数和粒重，增施硼肥氮肥缓解了遮阴对突尖长、穗粒数和粒重的影响。增施硼肥、氮肥和同时增施硼肥、氮肥处理产量分别较遮阴处理提高36.7%、8.0%和43.1%。遮阴处理降低叶面积影响干物质积累，产量的降低与突尖增长、穗粒数较少和粒重降低有关。小喇叭口期增施硼肥和氮肥是缓解花期遮阴对产量不利影响的有效措施。 关键词：玉米；遮阴；氮肥；硼肥；产量；农艺性状     

基于扩散理论的华北春玉米生理成熟后籽粒脱水过程分析

玉米机收籽粒可以显著提高玉米的生产效率,是玉米生产的发展方向。生理成熟后的籽粒含水率是决定机收质量的关键,受品种、密度和气候等多种因素影响。准确估算生理成熟后玉米籽粒含水率,进而分析其主要影响因素,最终确定玉米收获时间和筛选适宜机收的品种,对玉米主产区华北的春玉米籽粒机收发展具有重要意义。因此,于2017年和2018年在河北省泊头、南大港、玉田和山西榆次进行了两年田间春玉米试验,每年设置7个共性品种,每个品种3个密度,对生理成熟后籽粒含水率、品种性状、气象和管理要素进行了监测,并利用基于扩散理论考虑空气温湿度的脱水模型对籽粒含水率进行了模拟,进而计算脱水曲线下的面积(AUDDC),用以筛选脱水优异的玉米品种。结果表明,基于扩散理论的籽粒脱水模型对玉米生理成熟后籽粒含水率的模拟效果较好;年份、地点和品种对生理成熟时籽粒含水率(M_0)和水分扩散速率(k)具有显著影响,密度对脱水参数影响不显著。逐步线性回归分析得到灌浆期参考作物蒸发蒸腾量(ET_0)、最高气温和灌水量对M_0具有显著的正效应,生理成熟后30 d内ET0和灌浆中后期降雨对k具有显著的正效应,全生育期降雨对k具有显著的负效应。品种性状中对M_0影响最大的为苞叶层数(正效应),对k影响最大的为叶片数(负效应)。通过模型计算得到,生理成熟后10d华北地区春玉米籽粒含水率可以下降到28%,籽粒含水率下降到25%的概率为50%。由模型计算得到各品种生理成熟后10 d内的AUDDC,与AUDDC平均值比较发现‘京农科728’‘张1453’‘华农887’‘广德5’和‘金科玉3306’为脱水表现优异的品种。     

多效唑对杂交中稻不同密肥群体产量和抗倒伏性的影响

为探究高产稻田中防止倒伏发生的早期诊断技术,2015-2016年,以大面积推广的杂交中稻高产新品种蓉18优1015为试验材料,设计3因素完全因子试验,研究不同密肥群体下喷施多效唑对稻谷产量和抗倒伏性的影响。结果表明,随着施氮量和移栽密度的增加,稻谷产量提高,植株抗倒力下降,以施氮量150 kg·hm^-2和移栽密度18.75 万穴·hm^-2的产量较高。不同密肥群体下施用多效唑对产量和植株抗倒伏性有显著影响,施用多效唑后植株抗倒力增强,但产量因穗粒数下降而减少。不同密肥处理下施用多效唑对产量影响各异。于水稻最高苗期施用多效唑使植株重心高度、弯曲力矩、倒伏指数显著降低,折断弯矩则明显提高,穗粒数平均减少5.24~7.87粒。多效唑对产量的影响表现为低施氮量下因穗粒数减少而减产;中施氮量下产量差异不显著;高施氮量下植株未倒伏、籽粒灌浆结实正常,因结实率和千粒重高而增产。综上所述,肥力水平和施氮量高的稻田于最高苗期施用多效唑有利于水稻产量提高和控制后期倒伏。本研究为指导大面积水稻高产稳产提供了科学依据。     

Application of urease inhibitor improves protein composition and bread‐baking quality of urea fertilized winter wheat

Background: Nitrogen losses is an economic problem for wheat production and a high risk to the environment. Therefore, improved N fertilizer management is a key to increasing the N efficiency and minimizing N losses. To increase N efficiency, enhanced fertilizers such as urea combined with urease inhibitor can be used. Aims: The aim of present study was to evaluate the effects of different N forms on grain storage protein subunits in winter wheat and to examine whether the observed changes correlate with parameters of baking quality. Methods: The investigation was performed over two consecutive years at two locations in Germany. Protein subunits were analyzed by SDS‐PAGE. Results: Protein concentrations were similarly increased after fertilization with ammonium nitrate and urea + urease inhibitor. Analysis of the individual storage protein fractions indicated that both fertilizers specifically enhanced ω‐gliadins and HMW glutenins, but the effect was more pronounced in the ammonium nitrate treatment. Application of urea + urease inhibitor had greater influence on the protein composition and resulted in higher specific baking volume as well as the best fresh keeping ability, in comparison with urea treatment. Conclusion: Considering that the urea + urease inhibitor treatment resulted in almost comparable improvements of NUE and baking quality, with the additional benefit of reduced N losses in combination with easy handling, urea + urease inhibitor can be recommended as a viable alternative to both urea alone and ammonium nitrate treatments. This opens up an opportunity for the reduction of N loss in wheat production when use of urea is preferred.     

Intensive organic vegetable production increases soil organic carbon but with a lower carbon conversion efficiency than integrated management

Intensive vegetable production in greenhouses has rapidly expanded in China since the 1990s and increased to 1.3 million ha of farmland by 2016, which is the highest in the world. We conducted an 11‐year greenhouse vegetable production experiment from 2002 to 2013 to observe soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics under three management systems, i.e., conventional (CON), integrated (ING), and intensive organic (ORG) farming. Soil samples (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) were collected in 2002 and 2013 and separated into four particle‐size fractions, i.e., coarse sand (> 250 µm), fine sand (250–53 µm), silt (53–2 µm), and clay (< 2 µm). The SOC contents and δ¹³C values of the whole soil and the four particle‐size fractions were analyzed. After 11 years of vegetable farming, ORG and ING significantly increased SOC stocks (0–20 cm) by 4008 ± 36.6 and 2880 ± 365 kg C ha^?1 y^?1, respectively, 8.1‐ and 5.8‐times that of CON (494 ± 42.6 kg C ha^?1 y^?1). The SOC stock increase in ORG at 20–40 cm depth was 245 ± 66.4 kg C ha^?1 y^?1, significantly higher than in ING (66 ± 13.4 kg C ha^?1 y^?1) and CON (109 ± 44.8 kg C ha^?1 y^?1). Analyses of ¹³C revealed a significant increase in newly produced SOC in both soil layers in ORG. However, the carbon conversion efficiency (CE: increased organic carbon in soil divided by organic carbon input) was lower in ORG (14.4%–21.7%) than in ING (18.2%–27.4%). Among the four particle‐sizes in the 0–20 cm layer, the silt fraction exhibited the largest proportion of increase in SOC content (57.8% and 55.4% of the SOC increase in ORG and ING, respectively). A similar trend was detected in the 20–40 cm soil layer. Over all, intensive organic (ORG) vegetable production increases soil organic carbon but with a lower carbon conversion efficiency than integrated (ING) management.     

Maize harvest index and water use efficiency can be improved by inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis

Possibilities to improve maize harvest index and nutrient utilization efficiency by application of plant growth regulators were investigated. In container experiments, the effects of different growth regulators on the development of the maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars Pioneer 3906 and Fabregas were tested. Paclobutrazol (PAC) and chlorocholine chloride (CCC), two inhibitors of gibberellin biosynthesis, as well as gibberellic acid (GA₃) were applied at growth stage V5. Three weeks after application of PAC, shoot growth of both maize cultivars was strongly affected with a significant decrease in plant height in the PAC treatment by 44% and 36% for Pioneer 3906 and Fabregas, respectively. The growth‐retarded plants had higher leaf areas and reduced transpiration rates. The higher shoot growth after GA₃ application was accompanied by a reduction in leaf area and an increase in transpiration rate during 1 week before anthesis. CCC treatment showed no significant effects on plant height, leaf area and transpiration rate. The PAC‐treated cultivar Pioneer 3906 produced several cobs per plant, which were mainly barren at maturity. However, PAC application to Fabregas resulted in just one cob per plant with good kernel development and a grain yield, which was not significantly reduced in comparison with the control. With this similar grain yield in combination with a straw yield decrease of 32%, the harvest index was significantly improved by 12%. In addition, with PAC‐treated Fabregas plants, a 19% increased water use efficiency of the grain (WUE_grain) during the critical period of kernel setting was achieved. In this maize cultivar, CCC application also improved harvest index by 5%, but no effect on WUE_grain occurred. GA₃ treatment decreased harvest index of both maize cultivars, and it either reduced WUE_grain (Pioneer 3906) or showed no effect (Fabregas). Utilization efficiencies of N, P and K were not increased with growth regulator application, even in the PAC‐treated Fabregas plants with a significantly improved allocation of assimilates to the grain, mirrored by the higher harvest index. The results indicate that fertilizer applications must be adjusted to the reduced demand of growth‐retarded plants, most likely leading to higher nutrient utilization efficiencies.     

相变材料在绿色储粮中的应用探讨

相变材料能够储存或释放显热,在熔化或凝固过程中虽然温度不变但吸收的潜热却相当大。根据相变材料可以吸收环境热能并在需要时向环境发出热能的特征,研究相变材料在粮食仓储中的应用,减小外界环境对粮仓温度的影响,达到恒温绿色生态储粮的目的。     

基于DTW距离的拖拉机传动轴载荷样本长度计算方法

针对工程领域载荷样本长度确定方法对农业机械载荷适用性较差的问题,提出了一种基于动态时间扭曲(DTW,Dynamic Time Warping)距离计算载荷样本长度的方法。首先,运用无线扭矩传感器获取犁耕作业下拖拉机传动轴的动态载荷,结合传动轴犁耕作业下的载荷特点,划分作业工况;再将作业循环叠加并经过归一化处理后进行DTW距离计算,确定传动轴载荷样本长度;最后,计算参数外推中均值混合正态分布函数的拟合参数相对误差。结果表明,运用DTW距离方法确定的载荷样本长度,能够使均值双正态分布函数拟合得到的参数相对误差保证在10%以内。近似均值精度估计法和均值曲线拟合法的拟合参数相对误差最大值分别为126.06%和80.62%,而基于DTW距离计算方法的拟合参数相对误差最大值为5.43%,验证了基于DTW距离的载荷样本长度计算方法的适用性。研究结果可为拖拉机传动轴田间试验载荷样本长度确定提供参考。     

储粮害虫磷化氢抗性分子遗传学研究进展

由于长期单一使用磷化氢,储粮害虫对其产生的抗药性日益增强,已成为威胁粮食安全储藏的重大问题。自从发现两个磷化氢抗性基因rph1和rph2,以及完成赤拟谷盗全基因测序以来,储粮害虫磷化氢抗性基因的相关研究迅速发展。近年来,在抗性基因的鉴定、表达、进化、突变等研究方面取得了一定成果,为储粮害虫磷化氢抗性治理提供了新的科学指导。本文就储粮害虫磷化氢抗性分子遗传学的研究进展进行综述。