苜蓿冠层温度与农艺性状的相关分析

对从国内外引进的31个苜蓿品种分枝期—结英期的冠层温度及其农艺性状指标进行了相关分析和偏相关分析。结果表明，苜蓿冠层温度与分枝期和现蕾期的茎叶比、开花期的叶面积和产量间存在显著的偏相关关系，可作为产量高低的间接或直接指标；由于农艺性状指标间互相关的影响，冠层温度与农艺性状指标间的单相关系数可靠性差，且与偏相关系数有明显的差异；排除农艺性状指标间互相关影响后，偏相关系数可靠性大，可作为变量间关系密切程度的量化指标。     

A leakiness index for assessing landscape function using remote sensing

The cover, number, size, shape, spatial arrangement and orientation of vegetation patches are attributes that have been used to indicate how well landscapes function to retain, not ‘leak’, vital system resources such as rainwater and soil. We derived and tested a directional leakiness index (DLI) for this resource retention function. We used simulated landscape maps where resource flows over map surfaces were directional and where landscape patch attributes were known. Although DLI was most strongly related to patch cover, it also logically related to patch number, size, shape, arrangement and orientation. If the direction of resource flow is multi-directional, a variant of DLI, the multi-directional leakiness index (MDLI) can be used. The utility of DLI and MDLI was demonstrated by applying these indices to three Australian savanna landscapes differing in their remotely sensed vegetation patch attributes. These leakiness indices clearly positioned these three landscapes along a function-dysfunction continuum, where dysfunctional landscapes are leaky (poorly retain resources). This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Comparison of an in vitro and a damping-off assay to test soils for suppressiveness to Pythium aphanidermatum

Testing of soil samples in greenhouse assays for suppressiveness to soilborne plant pathogens requires a considerable investment in time and effort as well as large numbers of soil samples. To make it possible to process large numbers of samples efficiently, we compared an in vitro growth assay with a damping-off assay using Pythium aphanidermatum as the test organism on tomato seedlings. The in vitro test compares the radial growth or relative growth of the fungus in soil to that in autoclaved soil and reflects suppressiveness of soils to the pathogen. We used soils from a field experiment that had been farmed either organically or conventionally and into which a cover crop (oats and vetch in mixture) had been incorporated 0, 10, 21, and 35 days previously. We obtained a significant, positive correlation between damping-off severities of tomato seedlings in damping-off assays and both relative and radial growth in vitro. In addition, radial and relative growth of P. aphanidermatum in the in vitro assay were positively correlated with several carbon and nitrogen variables measured for soil and incorporated debris. We did not find differences between the two farming systems for either growth measures of P. aphanidermatum or disease severities on tomato at different stages of cover crop decomposition. The in vitro assay shows potential for use with any fungus that exhibits rapid saprophytic growth, and is most suitable for routine application in suppressiveness testing.     

科尔沁草原主要草地植物传播生物学简析

本研究论述了科尔沁草原主要草地植物的传播生物学特性.在141种植物中,44种以种子作为传播体,97种以果实作为传播体;传播体重量< 0.1 mg的植物12种,重量0.1～0.999 9 mg的植物61种,重量1～9.999 9 mg的植物55种,重量10～99.999 9 mg的植物12种,重量100～999.999 9 mg的植物1种;具有典型聚合传播体的植物4种;具有典型多态传播体的植物1种;传播体具附属物的植物66种(占总数的46%),其中19种带冠毛,10种带绢毛或丝毛,15种带芒或刚毛,6种带翅,6种带钩或刺,10种带其他附属物(花柱、花萼、结块和喙等).在124种植物中,11种植物(7种蒿属植物、2种车前、百里香1种和野亚麻1种)种子具有粘液,其种子或果实的干重＜1 mg.已发现23种植物具有明显的植冠种子库(植冠种子库种子达到总结种量的5%).8种植物植冠种子库种子超过结种量的30%,7种植物达到结种量的20%～30%,8种植物少于结种量的20%.具有植冠种子库的植物以菊科(尤其蒿属)、禾本科和藜科植物为多.具有较强或相对较强沙生适应性的植物多数具有植冠种子库.探讨了传播体类型和重量、利于(或阻滞)传播的传播体特征、传播体多态性与传播适应的多面性、延缓传播与植冠种子库等方面的问题.     

日光温室主动蓄放热冠层增温系统性能研究

【目的】设计日光温室主动蓄放热冠层增温系统(Active heat storage-release system for canopy warming,AHSCW)并进行实地试验,分析该系统对番茄冠层的增温效果,为进一步探讨主动蓄放热热能的高效应用方式和作物局部增温系统的设计提供参考。【方法】在第六代主动蓄放热系统基础上设计AHSCW,以太阳能为热源,白天通过水循环将太阳能以热能的形式收集于蓄热水池内,夜间通过冠层增温管道释放热量,对番茄冠层进行局部增温。以使用AHSCW的日光温室为试验温室,未加温的日光温室为对照温室,通过测定太阳辐射强度、番茄冠层空气温度、水温及水泵耗电量参数及不同时期番茄的株高、茎粗和产量,对系统的增温效果进行测试与分析。【结果】白天AHSCW的蓄热量为166～194 MJ,夜间放热量为129～142 MJ,能量利用效率为67%～86%;该系统能够提高番茄冠层区域气温1.4～3.0℃;AHSCW温室果实产量为1.14 kg/m~2,是对照温室(0.64 kg/m~2)的1.77倍。【结论】AHSCW可以明显提高番茄冠层气温,保证番茄的越冬生产,促进番茄生长,增加其产量并可使果实提前成熟上市。     

文冠果枝叶生长与叶幕微气候的关系研究

【目的】探索叶幕微气候因子对文冠果枝条生长发育和光合同化能力的影响,为文冠果树体的整形修剪提供理论依据。【方法】在山东东营选择20株6年生文冠果树,调查其冠层内东西南北4个方向,每方向上层和下层、外侧和内侧4个区域,共16个小区域的温度、湿度、光照等微气候因子,再分别测定各区域文冠果枝叶量及叶片光合色素、光合产物和氮含量,并将其与微气候因子进行相关性分析。【结果】文冠果叶幕内不同区域温度和湿度均无显著差异,但不同区域光照强度差异显著,除北向上层外侧光照强度略低于下层外侧外,其余各方向均有上层外侧最高、下层内侧最低的现象,两区域差异达260.0%。树冠东、南方向1年生枝条数量、长度、基径均大于西、北方向;树冠上层1年生枝条数量少于下层,而上层1年生枝条长度、基径均大于下层;树冠外侧新枝数量和叶片数量均多于内侧,下层叶片数量多于上层,但上下层新枝数量无明显差异。5月为树冠内新枝数量和叶面积增长最快的时段,树冠上层新枝数量和叶面积增长快且明显大于下层,与光照强度增长规律一致。树冠内叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量均有西、北方向高于东、南方向的规律;可溶性糖含量、淀粉含量和碳氮比均有外侧大于内侧,东、南方向大于西、北方向,且东、南方向各区域差异较大的规律。光照与文冠果树冠枝、叶生长指标和叶片生理指标相关性较大,且与多数树体枝、叶生长指标和叶片生理指标均呈显著正相关关系,但与光合色素含量无显著相关性。【结论】适当对东、南方向和上层、外侧的枝条加以疏除,可以增强透光性,能使树体生长更为均匀,为文冠果产量提高奠定基础。     

基于SWAT模型的大安市降水入渗量变化的模拟研究

针对近年的研究热点,通过SWAT模型对半干旱、盐碱化严重的吉林省大安市进行降水入渗模拟。以2000、2004和2008年遥感影像解译得到的土地利用数据为基础,结合SWAT模型的模拟结果,讨论LUCC与降水入渗量的相关关系。2008年与2000年相比,难利用地的面积有所降低,旱地、草地等发生了大面积的增加,研究区内土地状况有所好转。通过SWAT模型运行得到的结果显示:2008年的平均降水入渗量为56.27 mm,比2000年的值高。利用降水入渗系数法进行计算,也得到了2008年的降水入渗量高于2000年的结果,这与SWAT模型模拟得到的结果有着相同的趋势,且平均降水入渗量的标准偏差为5.27,说明SWAT模型对于研究区有良好的适应性。同时,根据土地利用数据和SWAT模型模拟数据可以得知,LUCC对研究区的降水入渗量存在着一定的相关性。     

Quality assessment of three warm-season turfgrasses growing in different substrate depths on shallow green roof systems

In an effort to increase the accessibility and functionality of shallow green roof systems, the ability of warm-season grasses to provide acceptable growth needs to be further investigated. In the current study, which was conducted during 2011 and 2012, three warm-season grasses (hybrid bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. x C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy ‘MiniVerde’; seashore paspalum, Paspalum vaginatum Swartz ‘Platinum TE’ and zoysiagrass, Zoysia japonica Steud. ‘Zenith’) were established in outdoor lysimeters. The lysimeters were equipped with all necessary green roof layers placed below a coarse-textured substrate that comprised pumice, thermally treated attapulgite clay, peat, compost and zeolite. Half of the lysimeters had a substrate depth of 15 cm, while the other half had a substrate depth of 7.5 cm. Irrigation was applied at crop evapotranspiration (ET_c). Measurements included determination of substrate moisture content, green turf cover (GTC) and leaf stomatal resistance. Significant differences were observed in the values of GTC among the three turfgrass species and the two substrate depths. Zoysiagrass exhibited the best adaptation at the lower depths of shallow green roof systems. At 15 cm substrate depth, zoysiagrass managed to sustain green coverage for the two study periods. In addition, it was the only turfgrass species that managed to perform well at the substrate depth of 7.5 cm. Seashore paspalum exhibited limited green cover at both substrate depths, while hybrid bermudagrass could provide acceptable green coverage only at 15 cm substrate depth.     

浙江红花油茶高接换冠成活率影响因素研究

为研究浙江红花油茶高接换冠成活率影响因素,解决嫁接成活率低的问题,2013年6月从中国林业科学研究院亚热带林业研究所引进浙江红花油茶优树穗条,在青田县大垟山林场开展浙江红花油茶高接换冠试验,分析砧木林郁闭度、坡位、砧木生长势及接穗保存时间等因素对嫁接成活率的影响。结果表明,林分郁闭度在0.3~0.7之间,随着郁闭度增加嫁接平均成活率提高;郁闭度在0.7~0.9之间,随着郁闭度增加,嫁接成活率降低;当郁闭度为0.7时,嫁接成活率最高为88.8%。山腰的嫁接成活率高达86%,显著高于山顶和山脚。浙江红花油茶砧木生长势越强嫁接成活率越高。接穗于采集当天嫁接效果最好成活率达89.1%,接穗保存1、2、3、4、5、6天嫁接,成活率分别为85.2%、75.2%、51.6%、28.1%、12.2%、9.3%。偏相关分析表明,各因素对嫁接成活率影响由大到小依次为接穗保存时间(-0.97)、郁闭度(0.85)、生长势(0.81)、坡位(-0.65)。