Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Nearshore fish assemblages associated with introduced predatory fishes in lakes

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22种海水鱼中ACEI的制备及其化学修饰

以取自中国黄海的22种鱼类为研究对象，测定其鱼肉组织上清液的酶解物对血管紧张素转化酶（ACE）的抑制作用。从6种商业用酶和1种新型海洋低温碱性蛋白酶（MLAP）中，筛选出MLAP作为酶解制备ACEI的理想水解酶。以该酶水解上述22种海水鱼鱼肉组织上清液，并将水解液经Sephadex G-25凝胶层析和DEAE Sepharose阴离子交换层析，得到ACEI纯品。测定各类ACEI体外抑制ACE的活性发现，这22种海水鱼中以缇鱼（Engraulis japonicus）所产ACEI活性最高，其余鱼类无显著差异。以缇鱼制备血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂（ACEI-22），并对ACEI-22作进一步研究，结果发现，ACEI-22对自发性高血压大鼠（SHR）有降压效果，但不显著；ACEI-22经聚乙二醇化学修饰后，修饰率为68％，且给药SHR后，大鼠收缩压显著降低，与相同条件下同剂量的卡托普利的降压效果相当。故聚乙二醇修饰的ACEI-22可有效地降低SHR的血压。     

Social learning in fishes: a review

Animals acquire skills and knowledge from other animals, and fish are no exception. There is now strong experimental evidence that many species of fish exhibit social learning and traditional behaviours. Here, we review the literature pertaining to social learning in fish, focusing on (i) antipredator behaviour, (ii) migration and orientation, (iii) foraging, (iv) mate choice and (v) eavesdropping.     

Persistence of native fishes in small streams of the urbanized San Francisco Estuary,California: acknowledging the role of urban streams in native fish conservation

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克氏原螯虾对几种人工洞穴的选择性

研究了在实验室内人工洞穴对克氏原螯虾存活率的影响 ,并在洞穴的质地、长度对入穴率的影响做了比较实验。研究结果表明 :有人工洞穴比自然状态下 ,螯虾的存活率提高了 6 4倍 ;螯虾更适应穴长较长的、避光、透气的人工洞穴     

连江鱼类资源现状调查及资源衰退原因分析

于2005～2006年间对清远市筑坝后连江的鱼类种群结构状况进行了调查。在河流的上游、中游、下游三个江段采样,共采集到鱼类87种,分属于7目18科69属,优势种为亚科(占鲤科总数的29.4%)、鲌亚科(占鲤科总数的15.7%)鱼类。通过与历史资料比较发现,多种适应急流的鱼类、洄游或半洄游性鱼类和产飘浮性卵鱼类已在连江中上游消失,连江鱼类组成、结构和分布已发生了较大的变化。     

基于改进CYCBD的滚动轴承复合故障自适应诊断方法

为实现滚动轴承复合故障自适应诊断,该研究提出了基于循环含量比-归一化谐波比例（Ratio of Cyclic Content-Normalized Proportion of Harmonics,RCC-NPH）融合指标改进的最大二阶循环平稳盲解卷积（Maximum second order cyclostationary blind deconvolution,CYCBD）方法。首先,构建了RCC-NPH融合指标,解决了CYCBD算法循环频率确定依赖先验知识及遍历所有故障频率空间耗时的问题。其次,根据RCC-NPH融合指标图估计CYCBD的循环频率集,实现了CYCBD参数的自适应选择。再次,采用自适应参数CYCBD方法对输入信号进行解卷积运算,提取了不同循环频率对应的故障信号。最后,对提取的故障信号进行Hilbert包络解调分析,完成故障的辨识。利用该方法分别对仿真信号和轴承复合故障信号进行试验,均能有效检测信号中包含的故障成分,实现了复合故障的自适应诊断。与其他指标相比,该方法能够有效避免噪声和谐波的干扰,适用于复合故障诊断。     

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