旋耕减阻降耗技术研究进展

我国是农业大国,农业发展关系到国计民生,而耕作是农业生产中的重要环节。随着我国农业机械化发展转型升级,耕作能耗过高,成为农业生产中必须面对的主要问题之一。旋耕作为一种应用广泛的耕作方式,开展旋耕减阻降耗技术研究,对我国农业可持续发展具有重要的现实意义。本文介绍了旋耕减阻降耗技术的研究要点,重点分析了国内外在旋耕刀辊结构优化、仿生减阻、振动减阻和农机农艺结合四个方面的研究进展,指出了旋耕减阻降耗技术发展中存在的问题。基于对国内外研究现状的分析,本文建议进一步完善我国旋耕刀设计理论体系,增强模拟试验和实际试验的相互印证,开发应用于旋耕刀微观受力及变形检测的仪器和测试平台,揭示旋耕刀—土壤互作机理,从而为我国旋耕减阻技术高质高效的发展奠定完善的理论基础和研究条件。     

化肥施用量对中国粮食产量的影响分析

化肥对粮食生产的影响是粮食经济研究的重要议题,文章基于1994—2018年中国粮食主产区玉米、小麦、水稻三种主粮作物化肥施用量和粮食产量的面板数据,构建分位数回归模型,分析化肥施用量对粮食产量的影响。研究表明,随着化肥施用量的持续增加,对粮食作物的单产水平具有显著的关联效应,且呈现明显的阶段性增长特征。1997年以前,化肥施用量和单位面积粮食产量浮动程度趋于水平。1998—2004年,化肥施用量呈现大幅度跳跃趋势,但其总体产量始终维持在5 000 kg/hm~2以上。2004—2015年,化肥施用量和粮食单产都呈现出逐步递增的发展趋势。2016年后,化肥施用量和粮食单产出现小幅度增长再到小幅度回落的趋势。此外,在0.1～0.9分位点上,随着分位点的升高,玉米的化肥施用量对其单产存在正向作用,但已呈现边际效用递减特征,反观小麦、水稻的化肥施用量对其单产的促进作用逐渐减弱。为此,在坚持化肥施用零增长的前提下,需注重科学施肥、结合有机肥混合施用以提高化肥利用率,便于在保障粮食安全与促进农业可持续发展之间达成平衡。     

Limnological changes in a sub‐tropical shallow hypertrophic lake during its restoration: two years of a whole‐lake experiment

1. Lake Rodó is a turbid system, a condition attributed to algal biomass. The proximal source of the eutrophication was stormwater discharges from an ill‐defined urban area. This paper describes an attempt to restore the water quality of Lake Rodó, the first time this has been done in Uruguay. In spring 1996 it was drained, sediments were removed and stream inputs were diverted. Groundwater was used to re‐fill the lake. Due to its high nutrient concentration a re‐circulation system was designed, pumping water from associated pools covered with free‐floating plants. 2. After the lake was refilled, the system was characterized by oxygen saturation or over‐saturation, neutral to basic pH, and high phosphorus, nitrogen and silicate concentrations. Ratios of total nitrogen (TN):total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll a (Chl a):TP indicated that phosphorus was the primary limiting nutrient during the period of groundwater supply. Once groundwater pumping had ceased, there was a decrease in TN:TP and Chl a:TP ratios, suggesting N‐limiting conditions prevailed in some periods. 3. Before restoration, the phytoplankton community was dominated year‐round by Planktothrix agardhii; since restoration the community has been more diverse. This change has favoured grazing by mesozooplankton, and the onset of clear‐water phases in spring. 4. Abundant populations of small omnivorous fish maintained a high predation pressure on zooplankton, restricting the abundance of large‐bodied herbivores, which, in turn, allowed an increase in phytoplanton biomass and a decrease in water transparency. Based on this observation, together with the phosphorus concentration and the low abundance of filamentous cyanobacteria compared with previous studies, we suggest that top‐down control has played a key role in increasing transparency in Lake Rodó. 5. A nutrient reduction programme, by the mechanical harvest of floating plants, and a removal of small omnivorous fishes and stocking strictly with piscivores, could be key factors in the achievement of a stable clear‐water phase. However, if blooms of Microcystis or other similar genera occur in summer, additional measures (e.g. reduction of the hydraulic residence time) will be needed to improve water transparency. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于可控性生态减渗目标的河床底质重构技术研究

生态减渗技术对发挥河流生态效益和减少水资源浪费具有重要意义。为研究适用于渗漏河道的河床底质生态减渗方案,开展变水头渗透试验与模型入渗试验探究了复合土减渗效果和入渗特性,结合各河道条件提出了不同的减渗配比及断面结构方案,并利用GeoStudio SEEP/W软件对不同方案下的渗流状况和渗漏量进行了模拟计算。结果表明：复合土减渗效果主要受掺料类型和掺量影响,掺入15%纳基膨润土的复合土在1m水头作用下,浸润锋经39天运移至复合土减渗层底部,56天内累计入渗量为11.1cm,减渗效果较好,可满足工程减渗需求;GeoStudio SEEP/W模拟显示,复合土减渗方案在高效减渗的同时保留有较高的侧向补水给能力,河流水位在0.3m~2m变化,两种典型方案的渗流损失量可降低37.54%~48.06%和75.34%~82.82%。     

Optimising codend configuration in a multispecies demersal trawl fishery

Abstract The relative efficiencies and selectivities of conventional and modified codends were examined in a demersal trawl fishery targeting several species, including eastern king prawns, Penaeus plebejus (Hess), whiting, Sillago spp. and cephalopods. The modifications to codends included: (i) reducing the circumference; (ii) increasing the mesh size in conventional diamond‐mesh designs; and (iii) orientating meshes on the bar so that they were square shaped. The codends were tested against a fine‐meshed control in paired comparisons onboard three commercial trawlers. The conventional codend comprised 41‐mm diamond‐shaped mesh attached to an anterior extension section at a ratio of 150 to 100 meshes and was demonstrated to be non‐selective for the targeted species. Reducing codend circumference to 100 meshes and increasing the size of mesh to 45 mm both improved selection for eastern king prawns, but the lateral mesh openings were estimated to be insufficient to allow juveniles of the other key species to escape. By contrast, codends made from 35‐ and 41‐mm mesh hung on the bar improved the size selection for eastern king prawns and selected stout whiting, Sillago robusta (Stead) (the smallest commercial‐sized fish) across narrow selection ranges and at 50% sizes of retention (L₅₀s) that were closely correlated to the transverse morphology of fish and the maximum mesh opening. With the exception of a reduction in catches of octopus, Octopus spp., by the 41‐square codend, there were no other impacts on commercial catches by the square‐mesh designs. It was concluded that diamond‐mesh codends are inappropriate for use throughout this multispecies fishery and that a modified design comprising at least 35‐mm mesh hung on the bar is required to minimise the fishing mortality of unwanted sizes of the key target species. The results are discussed in terms of the utility of these types of modifications for closely regulating selection in penaeid‐shrimp trawls.     

小球藻对降低南美白对虾养殖水体中亚硝酸盐氮含量的研究

将虾塘水配制成含亚硝酸氮1.0 mg/L、0.5 mg/L的水体,按虾塘养殖密度放入体长(9.2±1.0)cm的南美白对虾,向每组试验水体中接入小球藻培养液,密度分别为1.0×104cells/m l、2.0×104cells/m l和3.0×104cells/m l,每组设一不接种小球藻培养液的对照组。96 h后测定水体中亚硝酸盐氮的含量。结果表明:小球藻能显著降低试验水体中亚硝酸盐氮含量;当亚硝酸盐氮质量浓度一定时,小球藻液的适宜接入密度为2.0×104cells/m l。     

我国实现既定碳排放强度的预测分析

基于1991—2011年的数据,采用多项式和趋势移动平均预测模型预测了2012—2020年我国的GDP和CO2排放量,并经过一定修正,预测2020年我国的单位GDP的碳排放量为1.68 t/万元,比2005年减排45%,达到我国提出的到2020年单位GDP的碳排放比2005年减排40%⁴5%的目标.     

费县许家崖水库大银鱼现状及对策

费县许多岸水库于１９９２年移植大银鱼，１９９３年形成种群，捕捞产量４．５ｔ，１９９４年达３０．４ｔ。但１９９５、１９９６年产量逐渐查研究，找出减产原因，并提出相应对策。