不同杀菌剂对柑橘炭疽病病菌的室内毒力测定

为筛选出高效、低毒、低残留药剂供生产上交替使用,采用生长速率法测定了6种杀菌剂对柑橘炭疽病病菌的室内毒力.结果表明:6种药剂对菌丝生长的抑制效果不同,10%苯醚甲环唑WG的抑菌作用最强,其EC50值为0.021 2 μg/mL;25%咪酰胺EC次之,其EC50值为3.282 5 μg/mL;25%嘧菌酯SC效果最差,EC50值为9 650.901 9 μg/mL.10%苯醚甲环唑WG与25%咪酰胺EC可进一步进行大田试验,具有推广应用的价值.     

板栗角斑病的病原鉴定与杀菌剂毒力测定

对广东省近年新发现的一种板栗叶部病害进行了病原鉴定,结果为胶孢炭疽菌,但该病症状与板栗炭疽病显著不同,将其命名为角斑病。10种杀菌剂对该菌的毒力测定结果表明宝宁、扑菌清和多菌灵效果最佳,其次为叶斑净和世高。     

河南省一例西瓜果实腐烂病病原鉴定

西瓜营养丰富、甘味多汁、清爽解渴,堪称“夏季水果之王”.我国西瓜生产面积和产量均居世界第一,西瓜已成为我国重要的经济作物之一.近年来,由于连作重茬,导致西瓜病害日益加重,严重制约西瓜产业的发展[1].瓜类炭疽菌[Colletotrichum orbiculare( Berk.&Mont.)Arx]引起的西瓜腐烂病几乎在世界各瓜区均有发生,一旦发病就会造成严重的损失[2].以往对炭疽病病原的分类、鉴定,主要是基于形态学特性、致病性测定的传统方法.     

辽宁省北苍术病害调查及种类鉴定

北苍术(Atractylodes chinensis)为我国传统药用植物,具有较高的经济价值和药用价值,近年来在辽宁省东部山区大面积人工种植。为明确辽宁省北苍术主要病害种类及发生危害情况,降低人工驯化栽培可能面临的病害风险,本研究于2011-2015年对辽宁省抚顺、清原和新宾等7个主要北苍术种植区进行了系统调查。结果表明,危害辽宁北苍术生产的主要病害有3种,为苍术叶斑病、苍术炭疽病和苍术菌核病。苍术菌核病多发生于早春,病株率相对较低,约为4.8%~9.9%,但病株死亡率高,达90%以上。苍术叶斑病和炭疽病为辽宁省新发生病害,其中苍术叶斑病分布十分广泛且危害严重,各调查种植区均有分布,以清原地区发病较为严重,病株率约为15.1%~100.0%,病叶率为35.2%~91.8%。苍术炭疽病仅在抚顺、本溪和沈阳发生,抚顺地区发病相对较重,病株率约为25.0%~40.4%,病叶率约为14.9%~54.1%。     

云南葡萄产区葡萄炭疽病病原鉴定及致病力分析

为了明确引起云南葡萄产区炭疽病的病原种类,利用形态鉴定和特异性引物分子检测相结合的方法对从云南省主要葡萄产区采集的60株炭疽病菌菌株进行了鉴定。葡萄炭疽病菌菌株的菌落形态和生长速率与对照菌株尖孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum acutatum差异不明显,但其分生孢子大小显著小于尖孢炭疽菌,附着胞深褐色,球形或不规则形。胶孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides特异性引物CgInt/ITS4从供试葡萄炭疽病菌菌株基因组DNA中扩增出1条约500 bp的特异性条带,而尖孢炭疽菌特异性引物CaInt2/ITS4对葡萄炭疽病菌无扩增条带。研究表明,引起云南葡萄主产区炭疽病的病原为胶孢炭疽菌;供试胶孢炭疽菌对红提葡萄均有致病力,但菌株致病力差异较大,对番茄和草莓存在交叉侵染的能力,且对多菌灵的敏感性较尖孢炭疽菌高。     

1种辣椒新炭疽病的初步鉴定及室内药剂筛选

炭疽病是辣椒上的重要病害,影响了辣椒的产量与品质。生产中,在“辛香15号”辣椒上发现了1种新炭疽病,仅在辣椒果实上发生,典型病斑为椭圆形,周围水渍状,中间呈黑色同心轮纹,无小黑点出现,对常用杀菌剂不敏感;保湿后镜检发现,该病菌产生分生孢子盘,无刚毛,分生孢子近长椭圆形,无色,单孢,大小为12．5μm×3．75μm,有油球,一端稍尖;进一步分离培养病原菌并通过柯赫氏法则验证后,初步将其鉴定为尖孢炭疽菌（Collectotrichum acutatum Simmonds）。为了获得对该病效果好的化学药剂,采用牛津杯法测定了8种化学药剂对病菌的抑制效果,结果表明：250g/L丙环唑乳油3000倍液抑制效果最好且药效持续时间长,可作为该病的候选药剂。本试验结果可为防治尖孢炭疽菌引起的辣椒炭疽病提供理论依据和用药参考。     

A quantitative real‐time PCR assay for detection of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum in navy bean seeds

Bean anthracnose is a seedborne disease of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) caused by the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. Using seed that did not test positive for the pathogen has been proven to be an effective strategy for bean anthracnose control. To quantify the extent of anthracnose seed infection, a real‐time PCR‐based diagnostic assay was developed for detecting C. lindemuthianum in seeds of the commercial bean class navy bean. The ribosomal DNA (rDNA) region consisting of part of the18S rDNA, 5^.8S rDNA, internal transcribed spacers (ITS) 1, 2 and part of the 28S rDNA of seven races of C. lindemuthianum, 21 isolates of Colletotrichum species and nine other bean pathogens were sequenced with the universal primer set ITS5/ITS4. Based on the aligned sequence matrix, one primer set and a probe were designed for a SYBR Green dye assay and a TaqMan MGB (minor groove binder) assay. The primer set was demonstrated to be specific for C. lindemuthianum and showed a high sensitivity for the target pathogen. The detection limit of both assays was 5 fg of C. lindemuthianum genomic DNA. To explore the correlation between the lesion area and the DNA amount of C. lindemuthianum in bean seed, seeds of the navy bean cultivar Navigator with lesions of different sizes, as well as symptomless seeds, were used in both real‐time PCR assays.     

A new anthracnose disease of pyrethrum caused by Colletotrichum tanaceti sp. nov

A new pathogen of pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium) causing anthracnose was described as Colletotrichum tanaceti based on morphological characteristics and a four‐gene phylogeny consisting of rDNA‐ITS, β‐tubulin (TUB2), glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and actin (ACT) gene sequences. The fungus produced perithecia in culture, requiring an opposite mating type isolate in a heterothallic manner. The initial infection strategy on pyrethrum leaves involved the formation of appressoria followed by production of multilobed infection vesicles in the epidermal cells. Infection and colonization then proceeded through thinner secondary hyphae, which resulted in the initial production of water‐soaked lesions followed by black necrotic lesions. The infection process was suggestive of a hemibiotrophic infection strategy. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis clearly showed that C. destructivum, C. higginsianum and C. panacicola were separate species that also had similar intracellular hemibiotrophic infection strategies as C. tanaceti, which all clustered in the C. destructivum complex. Colletotrichum spp. were detected at 1% incidence in seed of 1 of 19 seed lines, indicating the potential for seed as a source of inoculum into crops. Colletotrichum tanaceti was detected in leaf lesions from 11 of 24 pyrethrum fields surveyed between April and July 2012, at a frequency of 1·3–25·0% of lesions. Anthracnose probably contributes to the complex of foliar diseases reducing green leaf area in pyrethrum fields in Australia.     

柑橘炭疽病高效杀菌剂的筛选及抗药性菌株的发现

采用生长速率法,用50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂(WP)、80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂(WP)、10%苯醚甲环唑水分散剂(WG)、45%咪鲜胺水乳剂(EW)和25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂(FW)5种杀菌剂对来自广东不同地区和不同柑橘品种的10个柑橘炭疽病菌菌株进行了毒力测定.结果表明,咪鲜胺对柑橘炭疽病菌具有最好的抑制效果,其次是苯醚甲环唑;所有供试菌株对嘧菌酯和代森锰锌都具有一定程度的抗药性;不同地区的菌株对多菌灵的敏感性存在明显的差异,其中菌株CCMZ035、CCMZ004、CCST003和CCST026对多菌灵表现出很强的耐药性(抗药性).因此,咪鲜胺和苯醚甲环唑可作为防治柑橘炭疽病的首选药剂.