不同生育期苹果园土壤氨氧化微生物丰度研究

【目的】大量施氮引起的土壤酸化问题已严重制约苹果的安全生产。氨氧化微生物驱动的土壤硝化作用是土壤氮素循环的重要环节,探析苹果园土壤中氨氧化微生物氨单加氧酶基因(amoA)丰度与土壤硝化强度(Potential Nitrification,PN)和土壤理化性质的相关性,有助于评价土壤氨氧化微生物类群在苹果园土壤生态系统中的作用。【方法】本研究以辽宁省丹东东港地区‘寒富’苹果园土壤为研究对象,采用实时荧光定量PCR(Real-time PCR)技术,检测苹果树不同生育时期, 4月28日(萌芽期)、 7月24日(新梢停长期)、 10月23日(落叶期)的两个苹果园(分别编号为D1和D2)的土壤理化性质、 土壤硝化强度、 氨氧化古菌(Ammonia-oxidizing archaea, AOA)和氨氧化细菌(Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, AOB)的amoA基因丰度,并分析了氨氧化微生物丰度与土壤理化性质和土壤硝化强度之间的关系。【结果】不同生育时期‘寒富’苹果园土壤理化因子差异较大。所有供试土壤的硝态氮(NO-3-N)、 速效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)含量在4月份最高,铵态氮(NH+4-N)含量在7月最高,NO-3-N、 NH+4-N、 AP和AK含量在10月多为最低。且所有供试土壤pH值均在4.25~6.09之间。同一生育时期内,D2土壤pH均显著高于D1土壤,但其NO-3-N和NH+4-N含量则不同程度地低于D1土壤。不同采样时期的果园土壤硝化强度随季节变化表现出先降后增的趋势,除7月D2土壤硝化强度显著高于D1土壤外,4月与10月D2土壤硝化强度均显著低于D1土壤。尽管不同采样时期的土壤AOA与AOB丰度随生育期而各异,所有供试土壤中AOA丰度均显著高于AOB丰度。同一时期内,D2土壤AOA和AOB丰度均显著高于D1土壤。尽管土壤pH、 NO-3-N与AOA、 AOB均表现出显著相关性,土壤PN仅与AOA丰度明显正相关。【结论】长期施肥导致苹果园土壤pH值降低,pH值的改变是影响AOA与AOB丰度的重要因子,果园土壤的硝化过程主要由AOA来完成,土壤硝化强度与季节变化引起的温度和土壤环境因子等的改变密切相关。苹果园无机氮肥混合有机肥的施入,同时结合自然生草、 人工刈割等管理制度,在一定程度上可改变土壤氮素的含量与种类,减缓土壤酸化。     

玉溪市红塔区园林绿地春夏季杂草发生危害规律

[目的]掌握红塔区园林绿地春、夏两季杂草的种类、种群结构及发生情况。[方法]分春、夏两季研究云南省玉溪市红塔区园林绿地杂草发生危害规律。[结果]玉溪市红塔区园林绿地春季杂草有29种,分属17科,其中菊科9种,占31.03%;禾本科3种,占10.34%;伞形科、大戟科2科各2种,分别占6.90%;酢浆草科、苋科、唇形科、蔷薇科、鸭跖草科、车前科等13科各1种,均占3.45%。夏季杂草有38种,分属20科,其中菊科12种,占31.58%;禾本科3种,占7.89%;伞形科、蝶形花科、大戟科、酢浆草科、蓼科5科各2种,均占5.26%;藜科、仙茅科、莎草科、鸭跖草科、车前科、十字花科等13科各1种,均占2.63%。[结论]初步了解了红塔地区春、夏季杂草种类、分布、种群结构、危害程度及不同类型绿地的危害差异,为综合防除春、夏两季杂草提供了理论依据。     

安徽省油菜磷肥施用效果及土壤有效磷丰缺指标研究

为了解油菜磷肥施用效果及土壤有效磷丰缺指标,选择安徽省典型油菜产区,开展多年多点田间小区试验,设置不施磷和施磷2个处理,研究施用磷肥对安徽省冬油菜产量、增产效果和经济效益的影响,并通过建立油菜籽粒相对产量和土壤有效磷含量的关系,确定土壤有效磷丰缺指标。结果表明,油菜施用磷肥增产增收效果明显。油菜施磷后的产量平均为2 571 kg/hm~2,增产量和增产率分别为672 kg/hm~2和41.5%。施磷每公顷增收2 012元,89.6%的试验点产投比2.0,施磷收益显著。以相对产量60%,60%~75%,75%~90%,90%~95%和95%为标准,将土壤有效磷分成"严重缺乏"、"缺乏"、"轻度缺乏"、"适宜"和"丰富"5级,对应的丰缺指标为6.5、6.5~13.0、13.0~26.5、26.5~34.0和34.0 mg/kg。该研究结果为水稻田冬油菜的磷肥管理提供依据。     

Spatial abundance patterns and recruitment of a virus‐affected commercial mollusc fishery

Infectious pathogens figure prominently among those factors threatening marine wildlife. Mass mortality events caused by pathogens can fundamentally alter the structure of wild fish stocks and depress recruitment rates and yield. In the most severe instances, this can precipitate stock collapses resulting in dramatic economic losses to once valuable commercial fisheries. An outbreak of a herpes‐like virus among commercially fished abalone populations in the south‐west fishery of Victoria, Australia, during 2006–2007, has been associated with high mortality rates among all cohorts. Long‐term records from fishery‐independent surveys of blacklip abalone Haliotis rubra (Leach) enabled abundance from pre‐ and post‐viral periods to be analysed to estimate stock density and biomass. The spatial distribution of abundance in relation to physical habitat variables derived from high‐resolution bathymetric LiDAR data was investigated. Significant differences were observed in both measures between pre‐ and post‐viral periods. Although there was some limited evidence of gradual stock improvement in recent years, disease‐affected reefs have remained below productivity rates prior to the disease outbreak suggesting a reduction in larval availability or settlement success. This was corroborated by trends in sublegal sized blacklip abalone abundance that has yet to show substantial recovery post‐disease. Abundance data were modelled as a function of habitat variables using a generalised additive model (GAM) and indicated that high abundance was associated with complex reef structures of coastal waters (<15 m). This study highlights the importance of long‐term surveys to understand abalone recovery following mass mortality and the links between stock abundance and seafloor variability.     

南沙群岛海域春、秋季浮游介形类生态学特征

为了解南沙群岛海域春、秋季浮游介形类生态学特征,根据2013年春季(3月中旬至4月初)及秋季(9月)在南沙群岛开展的两个航次生态环境综合调查资料,对该海域浮游介形类生态学特征进行分析研究。结果显示:(1)南沙群岛海域浮游介形类物种组成较为丰富,记录 45种隶属于2科、4亚科、19属。其中,春季有21种,秋季38种,两季均出现的共有种有14个;(2)春、秋两季浮游介形类优势种差异明显,春季优势种组成较为单一,数量低,主要生态类群为外海暖水类群和广温暖水类群,秋季优势种组成较为复杂,数量多,主要为外海暖水类群。春季优势种由后圆真浮萤、葱萤、尖头毛浮萤组成,秋季由纳米海萤、双叉真浮萤、刺喙葱萤、短形小浮萤、粗大后浮萤组成。研究表明:(1)春秋两季浮游介形类密度差异显著,密度分布不均,局部区域密度较高,与该海域局部环流密切相关;(2)浮游介形类两季平均丰富度、多样性指数和均匀度分别为0.59、1.37和0.55,秋季高于春季;(3)春季及秋季均分为岛礁群落和外海群落,群落分布随洋流改变呈季节性变化;(4)受季风影响的大环流及局部环流是浮游介形类种类组成、数量分布及多样性呈明显季节差异的主要因素。     

唐山“三岛”海域小型底栖动物丰度的研究

于2013年5月,8月和10月份对唐山"三岛"海域12个不同站位小型底栖动物进行调查采样。共鉴定出自由生活海洋线虫、桡足类、多毛类、枝角类、端足类、介形类、涡虫类、轮虫类、双壳类及等足类10个类群。最优势类群是线虫,每个站位所占比例基本大于95%,平均丰度大约735.2ind/10cm2。其他类群各站位所占比例不同,且都较小。结果表明,小型底栖动物各类群所占比例随月份的变化并没明显变化;不同月份,各类群的丰度有所变化,其中5月份丰度较高,10月次之,8月份丰度最低。     

天津大神堂海洋特别保护区生境修复初步评价

2012年4月、9月和2013年5月、9月份对渤海湾天津大神堂海洋特别保护区分别进行了大型底栖动物调查,用丰度/生物量比较曲线法分析了6个调查站位的大型底栖动物群落投礁前后受污染扰动的变化状况。结果表明,在调查期间保护区大型底栖动物群落表现出从最初的受到中等程度干扰→趋向于受到干扰→群落状况趋向正常,保护区生态状况已经大有好转,人工生态修复效果初显。     

南繁区转基因水稻田杂草种类调查

为了弄清南繁区转基因水稻田、非转基因水稻田和空白对照田杂草种类及发生情况,采取5点取样法,对3种田的田间杂草种类及危害情况进行了调查。结果表明：转基因水稻田有杂草19种,隶属11科,优势杂草为空心菜、牛毛毡、水莎草、莲子草、水苋菜、千金子,相对多度分别为37．58％、28．51％、26．24％、21．70％、21.62％、20．84％;非转基因水稻田主要杂草包括17种,隶属10科,优势杂草为空心菜、水莎草、牛毛毡、莲子草、水苋菜,相对多度分别为40．14％、29．83％、29．83％、24．11％、21．70％;空白对照田主要杂草包括12种,隶属8科,优势杂草为空心菜、水莎草、水苋菜、碎米莎草、莲子草、鳢肠,相对多度分别为60．28％、36．76％、34．98％、33.80％、29．11％、23．25％;水稻田（转基因水稻和非转基因水稻）中各优势杂草的危害程度明显低于空白对照;除了千金子,转基因水稻田中的优势杂草（空心菜、牛毛毡、水莎草、莲子草、水苋菜、碎米莎草、鳢肠）的危害程度均略低于对应的非转基因水稻。     

Glyphosate- and imazethapyr-induced effects on yield, nodule mass and biological nitrogen fixation in field-grown glyphosate-resistant soybean

Over half of the 21 Mha of soybean planted in Brazil is now transgenic glyphosate-resistant (GM_RR). A field experiment was carried out to investigate whether the application of glyphosate or imazethapyr to the GM_RR variety reduced the input of N₂ fixation (BNF). No effects on yield, total N accumulation, nodulation and BNF (δ¹⁵N) could be assigned to the genetic modification of the plant. Imazethapyr reduced soybean yield but had no significant effect on BNF. Even though yields were not affected by glyphosate, the significant reduction of nodule mass and BNF to the GM_RR suggests that the use of this herbicide could lead to an increased dependence on soil N and consequently an eventual decrease of SOM reserves.     

Starving the soil of plant inputs for 50 years reduces abundance but not diversity of soil bacterial communities

If soil communities rely on plant-derived carbon, is biodiversity lost when this primary source is removed? Soil microbial and mesofaunal communities at the Rothamsted Highfield site were compared under a mixed grass sward, arable rotation and a section maintained as a bare-fallow for the past 50 years by regular tillage. Organic matter reserves have been degraded and microbial and mesofaunal numbers and mite diversity have declined in this unique bare-fallow site, where fresh carbon inputs have been drastically reduced. However, it supports a species-rich metabolically active bacterial community of similar diversity to that in soil maintained as grass sward. Thus in contrast to soil mesofauna, bacterial diversity (but not abundance) is apparently independent of plant inputs.