Polyacrylamide (PAM) effect on irrigation induced soil erosion and infiltration

Surface irrigation is the oldest and the most widely used method of irrigation. One disadvantage of surface irrigation is soil erosion. New technology employing water-soluble polymers may provide a technique that is effective and affordable to control soil erosion. Water-soluble anionic organic compound known as polyacrylamide polymer (PAM) is the most successful polymer in controlling soil erosion. This study investigated the effect of spraying PAM on the soil surface to control soil erosion and to increase soil infiltration on a Jordanian clay loam soil. Different PAM concentrations, namely 5, 10, and 20 mg/l in addition to the control (0 mg/l) were used in this study. The highest effect of PAM on the measured properties was attained at 20 mg/l. We noticed that PAM's efficiency was decreased with subsequent irrigations. The reduction in soil erosion was 72 and 47.6%, the reduction in runoff water turbidity was 83 and 35%, the increase in water advance time was 6 and 0.9% and the increase in soil infiltration was 36 and 20.8% for the first and fourth irrigation, respectively. PAM's efficiency in flocculating soil particles was studied in the lab where we noticed that its efficiency in sedimentation was increased as its concentration increased.     

榨菜废水的混凝处理研究

采用混凝法对榨菜废水进行了处理试验.结果表明,混凝剂投加量、混凝剂种类、搅拌速率及沉降时间等对处理效果都起着重要作用.选用CaO作混凝剂,聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)作助凝剂,其处理效果明显优于其他几种混凝剂.当CaO,PAM的投加量分别为700,5 mg/L,以250 r/min的速度搅拌30 min,则COD,TP,浊度的去除率分别为36.54%,52.03%和97.85%,处理成本较低,中试试验结果与小试试验参数相吻合;用CaO,PAM联合处理榨菜废水能自动调节废水pH值,节省混凝剂的用量、减轻废水的刺激性气味、提高榨菜废水的可生化性,减轻后续处理系统的负担,同时沉降形成的絮体较大,易于被回收开发成饲料或有机肥料,为榨菜废水的处理提供了依据.     

不同PAM施用方法对土壤入渗和侵蚀的影响

施用土壤调理剂PAM可增加入渗率和减少土壤侵蚀,为了研究不同PAM形态与施用方法对施用PAM效果的影响,该文对3种形态的PAM（溶胶态、溶液与干粉状）以及干粉PAM与石膏混合的2种施用方法进行了试验。结果表明,3种不同形态PAM均能够显著增加土壤入渗、减少侵蚀量。与对照相比,喷洒溶胶和溶液PAM可分别提高土壤稳定入渗率1.0～2.5、1.7～2.8倍,直接施用干粉PAM可提高0.25～1.8倍。综合比较干粉PAM的两种施用方法,地表直接撒施干粉比与土壤混合效果略好一些,与石膏联合施用可明显提高干粉PAM增加入渗效果,并且增加幅度随着石膏混合量增加而增加。地表直接撒施干粉PAM,与对照相比减少土壤侵蚀量最大约80%,可达到施用溶胶态与溶液PAM减少侵蚀相同的效果。干粉PAM与表层土壤混合施用将降低PAM减少侵蚀的效果。增加石膏掺入量可以加强干粉PAM增加土壤入渗、减少径流的效果,但会降低减少土壤侵蚀的作用。综合比较3种形态PAM及干粉PAM施用方法对入渗与侵蚀的影响,直接使用干粉PAM不仅具有较好效果,且施用方法简单易行,适合在旱作农业区推广使用。     

基于LED激发光源的叶绿素荧光强度检测与分析

采用了650nm红色发光二极管(LED)的矩阵(6×8)作为激发光源,构建了一种基于MINI-PAM荧光仪的调制脉冲式在线检测叶绿素荧光系统。利用该系统分别对番茄苗期、花期、果期活体叶片的荧光强度与激发光源(LED)光强关系进行试验研究。通过对可编程电源来调节LED光强(在0～1 700μmol/m2.s之间),以50mA为步进值依次增加,并利用Excel软件对测得的荧光值F进行分析。结果显示:电流值在3 700mA以下,每一时期植株叶片的荧光强度与恒流源输出电流强度具有显著的线性关系,决定系数R2>0.97。以此研究为基础,建立了荧光强度与激发光强度的关系模型,模型可靠性高,能够比较真切地反映出荧光强度与激发光强之间的关系。     

Co-stressors chilling and high light increase photooxidative stress in diuron-treated red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii but with lower involvement of H2O2

Diuron is one of the most commonly found N-phenylurea herbicides in marine/estuarine waters that promotes toxic effects by inhibiting photosynthesis and affecting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in autotrophs. Since photo- and thermoacclimation are also ROS-mediated processes, this work evaluates a hypothetical additive effect of high light (HL) and chilling (12 °C) on 50 nM diuron toxicity to the highly-photosynthetically active apices of the red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii. Additive inhibition of photosynthesis was mainly evidenced by significant decreases of quantum yield of photosystem II and electron transfer rates upon co-stressors exposure to diuron-treated algae. Under extreme 12 °C/HL/diuron conditions, unexpected lower correlations between H₂O₂ concentrations in seawater and radical-sensitive protein thiols were concomitantly measured with the highest indexes of photoinhibition (parameter β). Altogether, these data support the hypothesis that co-stressors chilling/HL additively inhibit photosynthesis in diuron-exposed K. alvarezii but with less involvement of H₂O₂ in injury effects than with only chilling or HL.     

波涌灌溉和PAM作用下内蒙古河套灌区水蚀的试验研究

在内蒙古河套灌区采用波涌灌溉 ,施用 PAM(土壤结构稳定剂 )和利用地下咸水灌溉等不同处理进行了玉米地水蚀作用的试验研究。结果表明 ,灌溉方式在防止沟中水蚀方面没有太大作用 ,而施用 PAM却有显著效果 ,灌溉水中 PAM的质量分数 w(PAM)为 10× 10 -6时基本上可以起到防止水蚀的作用。在连续灌溉方式下 ,w(PAM)为 10× 10 -6的处理中水样含沙量只有对照的 14 .5 7 ;而在波涌灌溉方式下 ,w(PAM)相同的处理中水样含沙量仅为对照的 0 .91 ;w(PAM)为 2 0× 10 -6的各处理中水样含沙量基本上为 0或接近 0。     

聚丙烯酰胺施用对铵态氮地表径流迁移的影响及解析模拟

地表氮素迁移至径流的水平对氮素流失有重要影响。该研究在人工模拟降雨条件下,主要考察高分子有机化合物聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）施用对铵态氮地表径流迁移效应。试验结果表明,PAM的施用降低了径流运移氮素的能力,表现为铵态氮初始流失浓度极大降低,且氮素流失过程更趋平稳。基于土壤混合层理论和氮素平衡原理建立了PAM施用下铵态氮地表迁移不完全混合模型,并求得了解析解,证实了地表铵态氮径流迁移符合指数型衰减过程,模拟结果与实测值拟合较好。     

PAM对银川城市绿地土壤水分运动及水力参数的影响

[目的]探究不同PAM施加比例下城市绿地土壤水分运动及水力参数的变化,为城市绿地建设和合理利用水资源提供理论参考。[方法]以银川城市绿地土壤为研究对象,采用垂直一维土柱试验,选取5种聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)施加比例(质量比)0%(CK),0.02%(T₁),0.04%(T₂),0.06%(T₃),0.08%(T₄),0.1%(T₅),研究湿润锋进程、累积入渗量和入渗速率等入渗特征参数,比较Philip模型、Horton模型、Kostiakov模型及通用经验模型在本研究中的适用性,分析PAM施加比例对土壤水力参数的影响。[结果]入渗历时300 min时,T₁,T₂,T₃,T₄和T₅较CK相比,湿润锋进程分别减少了5.2%,12.0%,13.2%,15.4%和24.2%,累积入渗量分别减少5.9%,12.8%,14.7%,21.4%和31.5%。T₁,T<...     

粉煤灰和PAM改良沙土物理性质田间试验

采用粉煤灰和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)混合施用改善沙土的水分环境和物理化学性质,为植物生长提供良好的条件,同时研究PAM在粉煤灰混合沙土的复杂环境下,能否增强粉煤灰改良沙土的效果.试验于2011年在内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市达拉特旗万通现代农业科技园进行,试验粉煤灰使用量为0％,5％,10％,15％(质量比),PAM的使用量为0,60,120mg/kg.结果表明,粉煤灰质量比为10％,同时使用120mg/kg PAM时,能够提高土壤田间持水量18％,减小土壤饱和导水率26％,同时增加土壤有效水含量.粉煤灰和PAM混合使用于沙土会引起土壤有害元素含量升高,使用15％粉煤灰时土壤重金属含量仍符合国家标准.从而避免了使用过高比例粉煤灰而对土壤环境造成的潜在影响.     

PAM和尿素混施对土壤入渗特性的影响

采用一维垂直积水入渗法,分析PAM与尿素混施对土壤入渗性能的影响.结果表明:PAM和尿素处理均降低了土壤的入渗能力;相对于尿素,PAM对入渗的抑制作用更强;随着PAM用量的增加,入渗率、累积入渗量减小,达到稳渗所需时间显著增加;在同一PAM处理水平下,入渗率、累积入渗量总体呈现随尿素用量增加而减小的趋势,达到稳渗所需时间也有所增加,但是当PAM用量超过0.1％时,由尿素产生的这种差异不显著;入渗结束后,测量土柱各土层含水率,显示土壤含水率随PAM用量增大而增加,尿素对土壤含水率的影响不显著.