Surface water quality of factory-based and vegetable-based peri-urban areas in the Yangtze River Delta region,China

Detailed surveys of surface water in two contrasting peri-urban areas in the Yangtze River Delta region of China were conducted to determine the distribution of heavy metals, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) as well as the speciation of N and P. A factory-based (FB) area was compared with a vegetable-based (VB) area during the dry season. The concentrations of heavy metals in the surface water in the FB area were higher than those in the VB area, suggesting modest contamination of surface water with Zn, Cu, Cr and Pb but not Cd, from discharge of factory effluent in the FB area but not the VB area. Although total N (TN) and total P (TP) levels in the surface water were high in both areas, the surface water in the VB area had significantly higher levels of nitrate N (NO₃–N), organic N (ON) and TN than those in the FB area. In both areas, the levels of water-soluble P (WP), organic P (OP) and TP were high in the river water that received municipal wastewater. The distribution of N and P species throughout the surface water system indicated that the NO₃–N and ON mainly came from vegetable fields, while ammonium N (NH₄–N), WP and OP were mainly from municipal wastewater. Treatment of municipal wastewater prior to discharge to reduce N and P by purification is recommended together with research and extension to develop more efficient use of N and P fertilizer by vegetable farmers.     

南海重要珊瑚礁过渡性水域软骨鱼类的组成与分布

2004年5—7月和2005年3—4月采用深水三重刺网在南海的羚羊礁、华光礁、银砾滩、东岛、滨湄滩、排洪滩、本固暗沙、比微暗沙、武勇暗沙、海鸠暗沙、双子群礁、中业群礁、鲎藤礁、美济礁、仁爱礁、仙宾礁、南方浅滩、棕滩、大渊滩、永署礁、南薰礁、牛轭礁、道明群礁等23座重要珊瑚礁过渡性水域进行了2个航次专业调查，其中有21座岛礁共渔获到7目15科33种408尾软骨鱼类，而美济礁和南方浅滩没有渔获到软骨鱼类。根据调查资料，通过物种各分类阶元的分布、优势度（IRI）和单位努力量渔获量等几个方面分析南海重要珊瑚礁过渡性水域软骨鱼类的组成与分布，旨在为南海珊瑚礁渔业资源的开发和管理提供科学依据。结果表明，西沙群岛的重量单位努力量渔获量范围为73～499kg／10^4m^2，其优势种类是迈氏条尾虹、灰六鳃鲨和黑梢真鲨；中沙群岛的重量单位努力量渔获量范围为114～245kg／10^4m^2，其优势种类是迈氏条尾虹、灰三齿鲨；南沙群岛除了美济礁和南方浅滩外其重量单位努力量渔获量范围为51～846kg／10^4m^2，其优势种类是黑梢真鲨、灰三齿鲨。     

Typology in Mediterranean transitional waters: new challenges and perspectives

• 1. Transitional waters are ecotones between terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems, being characterized by high spatial heterogeneity and temporal variability.
• 2. The EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) posed to the scientific community the challenge to classify these ecosystems into a small number of types, while retaining a functional classification of ecosystem types.
• 3. A niche theory approach is proposed to identify the limiting forcing factors organizing biological quality elements, i.e. the limiting niche dimensions.
• 4. The analysis of a macro‐invertebrate dataset from published papers on 36 Italian lagoons suggested a two‐level typological classification of Mediterranean lagoons.
• 5. Basic ecological theories, such as niche and island biogeography theories, have fundamental implications for the process of developing a typological classification for all aquatic ecosystems, as required by the WFD.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于水生态足迹的山东省水资源利用与经济发展分析

为了研究水资源利用情况与经济增长的协调性,提出了一种考虑不同受纳水体的水生态足迹计算方法,并以此计算了山东省2003—2015年水量与水质生态足迹,构建了宏观方面的协调发展脱钩评价模型与微观方面的协调度理论,对水资源消耗与经济增长之间的协调关系进行评价.结果表明山东省水生态足迹总体呈现波动上升趋势,水量生态足迹显示出明显的农业主导型;水质生态足迹计算中,地表与地下水质生态足迹比例约为3∶4;地表水质生态足迹中,2003—2009年硝态氮为决定性污染物,2010—2015年总磷为决定性污染物;地下水质生态足迹则表现为硝态氮主导.人均GDP增长与水生态足迹由弱脱钩的初级协调向强脱钩的中级协调转变,初步说明山东省水资源与经济的协调发展呈现改善趋势.     

Extensive study on forest runoff water chemistry over east Asia

The chemistry of runoff waters from 13 forested watersheds in six regions (four regions from Japan, one from southern China and one from northern Thailand) was evaluated. The Cl⁻ concentrations in runoff waters were higher in those watersheds which had closed canopies and were nearer to the ocean. The NO₃ ⁻ concentrations were higher in those watersheds having the developed soils and high moisture conditions, but were lower in tropical and subtropical regions for those watersheds which had high rates of nitrogen uptake and for watersheds with large areas of saturated soils. The SO₄ ²⁻ concentrations were affected by SO₄ ²⁻ adsorption properties of the soils: at Shibecha, Jiulianshan, and Chiang Mai with high adsorption capacities SO₄ ²⁻ concentrations in streams were low. High SO₄ ²⁻ concentrations were found at Mt. Hiei and Kagawa due to the weathering of sulfur minerals and high levels of atmospheric sulfur deposition. Within regions SO₄ ²⁻ concentrations were inversely related to NO₃ ⁻ concentrations. A comparison among the watersheds suggested H⁺ consumption in deeper soil that increased pH and HCO₃ ⁻ concentrations of the runoff waters of some watersheds. Anion concentrations increased with low H.I. (Humidity Index) values suggesting that dry conditions increased concentrations due to high rates of evapotranspiration.     

山东半岛南部沿岸中国对虾放流数量对秋汛产量的影响

根据１９８３～１９９８年山东半岛南部沿海对虾放流增殖结果,对秋汛对虾产量与放流数量之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明：秋汛对虾产量随放流数量的增加而增加,二者呈Ｙ＝３６３．７＋１２６．４Ｘ相关关系（ｒ＝０．９１８）。     

海水网箱养殖水域异养细菌和弧菌的数量动态

1996年4月至1997年5月对浙江奉化、象山海水网箱养殖水域采用MPN法进行异养细菌和弧菌数量的检测。结果表明,细菌数量的变化受外界环境的影响较为明显,7～9月份细菌数量明显高于其它月份,网箱内菌数高于网箱外菌数。从异养细菌和弧菌数量的周年变化看,细菌数量变化与网箱养殖鱼类疾病的发生有密切关系。菌数的高峰期也是鱼病的频繁发生期。利用检测养殖水域异养细菌和弧菌的数量可预测鱼病的发生。     

复合微生物对养殖水体生态因子的影响

本文研究了在罗非鱼养殖池中放以芽胞杆菌为主体的复合微生物对池塘微生物菌相,水质条件,藻相和罗非鱼生长状况的影响,菌剂含活菌数为１）６９个／ｇ,用量为１．５ｍｇ／Ｌ,一个月的试验表明：（１）投放的芽胞杆菌繁殖成鱼池的优势菌群,高峰时占异养菌数的５０％,但这种优势不能长久维持,约１５天后需再次投放;（２）鱼池投放菌剂后,能有效改善水质条件,底层溶氧明显增加溶氧量增加２倍以上;有效降低氨氮和亚硝酸盐;营     

新西兰海域双柔鱼的生物学研究

本文对分布在新西兰周围海域的双柔鱼生物学特性作了分析,通过回归获得雌雄个体的各种体重与胴长的关系,不同海区的渔获物组成不一,整个海域以夏生群和秋生群为主。１～４月摄食等级为０级的比例均在３０％以上,２～３级约３０％,小型群体的空胃率比饱满率稍高,而大型群体０～１级的摄食等级比例９０％以上。渔获物性别组成生长初期接近１∶１,成长期雄性个体的比例略占优势,繁殖期雌性个体占优势。还对雌雄个体的各种性腺指数与胴长、体重的关系及性腺指数与性成熟度的对应关系等作了分析     

1989—2010年广东沿海牡蛎体内锌的时空分布特征与污染水平分析

根据历史和调查资料,对1989—2010年广东沿海牡蛎体内锌(Zn)的时空分布特征和污染水平进行了分析与比较。结果表明,牡蛎体内Zn的浓度总平均值为211.5 mg/kg,从总体看其浓度出现频率呈对数正态分布。在时间上,牡蛎体内Zn总体平均浓度的分布呈阶段性变化,具体表现为1989—2007年Zn的浓度呈微弱降低的趋势,基本维持在197.0 mg/kg的水平;2007—2009年牡蛎体内Zn的浓度有明显升高的趋势,之后Zn的浓度有所降低。在空间上,粤东和粤西沿海牡蛎体内Zn浓度的变化均呈先降低后增加的趋势,且基本与广东沿海牡蛎体Zn平均浓度的变化趋势相同,而珠江口牡蛎体Zn的浓度水平相对较高并表现出趋于稳定的变化规律。单因子指数和非致癌性风险指数评价结果均表明,牡蛎体内Zn的总体不存在明显的污染,但从当前保护环境角度应当尽快设立我国水产品中Zn含量的限定标准。