烟威近岸海域鱼类早期资源群落结构及适宜产卵生境

烟威近岸海域是历史上重要的鲐(Scomber japonicus)产卵场之一,或囿于对其“过路渔场”的认知,近年来对该海域鱼类产卵场的研究相对较少。为了解烟威近岸海域鱼类产卵场现状,于2020年4—9月对该海域开展逐月产卵场调查,基于鱼卵、仔稚鱼及环境数据,运用空间插值、聚类分析、非度量多维标度排序、相似性分析和冗余分析(RDA)等方法对该海域鱼类早期资源时空分布、群落结构月度更替及主要种类适宜产卵生境进行了综合分析。结果显示,2020年4—9月于烟威近岸海域采集到鱼类早期资源种类52种,包括33种鱼类的337 038粒鱼卵和28种鱼类的2122尾仔稚鱼;5—6月为主要产卵期,共有21种鱼卵出现,鱼卵数量占全年鱼卵总数的98.32%,主要产卵场位于烟台套子湾至威海鸡鸣岛北部海域,主要产卵种类为鳀(Engraulis japonicus)、鲐、蓝点马鲛(Scomberomorus niphonius)、高眼鲽(Cleisthenes herzensteini)、黄条 (Seriola lalandi)、绯 (Callionymus beniteguri)、少鳞 (Sillago japonica)、黑鲷(Acanthopagrus schlegelii)、短吻红舌鳎(Cynoglossus joyneri)、长蛇鲻(Saurida elongata)等;烟威近岸海域鱼卵与仔稚鱼群落结构年内变化明显,除产卵末期(8—9月)外,各月间种类更替率不低于50%,鱼卵与仔稚鱼群落月间平均相异性不低于73%;海表温度(SST)、海底温度(SBT)、海表盐度(SSS)和深度(DEP)是显著影响4—9月主要鱼种产卵选择的环境因子。研究表明,烟威近岸海域为黄渤海规模较大的鱼类产卵场之一,需在鱼类早期生活史研究与产卵场养护策略制定时得到足够重视。     

磁珠富集法制备大口鲶的微卫星分子标记

2004年3月16日-6月8日，在广东广远渔业集团有限公司玻璃钢大滚筒冷海水金枪鱼延绳钓渔船“华远渔19”号，对印度洋马尔代夫海域进行金枪鱼渔业调查。所获数据资料包括：①CTD测定的温度、盐度和深度数据，TDR测定的实际钩深；②作业参数，包括每次作业的钩数、投绳位置、投绳时间、航向、航速、出绳速度、两浮子间的钩数、起绳位置、起绳时间等；③渔场环境数据，包括风速、风向、钓具对地漂移速度和方向；④渔获统计，包括大眼金枪鱼的渔获尾数以及部分大眼金枪鱼的钓获钩号；⑤生物学数据，包括起捕时已死的大眼金枪鱼的体温。分析计算的方法和步骤为：①由理论公式推算出每次作业时各钩号的理论深度；②应用逐步回归的方法，建立理论钩深与实测的平均钩深之间的数学关系模型；③根据实际平均钩深模型计算出每个钓钩的平均作业深度；④根据CTD测得的作业地点的温度、盐度的垂直分布（41次），获得分布曲线。由此，以计算的钩深，从曲线上查出该尾鱼捕获水深处的温、盐数据；⑤根据121尾大眼金枪鱼的取样数据，推算出各水层、水温段、盐度段的渔获率；⑥根据起捕时已死的34尾大眼金枪鱼（鱼体发硬）的体温、以死鱼体温为引数，在曲线上查出该尾鱼捕获水深和盐度；最后，对钓获的大眼金枪鱼的钓获水层、水温和盐度进行了总体分析。分析结果表明：在马尔代夫海域，捕获大眼金枪鱼的水层为50～210m、水温范围为13．0～29．9℃、盐度范围为35．00～35．79；渔获率最高的水层为70～90m、水温范围为27．0～27．9oC、盐度范围为35．70～35．79；捕获时已死鱼的捕获水层、水温和盐度推算数据为63～203m、14．0～27．0℃和34．94～35．42，主要集中在63～134m、16．0～27．0℃和35．30～35．42。     

黄河口附近海域海洋生物体中石油烃总量变化的研究

在海洋污染中，石油污染是一个主要方面。近年来，随着沿海石油的勘探和开采，石油污染对海洋资源的危害日趋严重。本文就黄河口附近海域海洋生物体内石油烃含量及其相互关系进行了探讨。结果表明，各种海洋生物肌肉中石油烃含量依次为：双壳类＞头足类＞甲壳类＞鱼类，季节和个体大小及不同区域对石油烃含量也有一定的影响。     

Present state of imposex in neptune whelk Neptunea arthritica inhabiting shallow waters around Hokkaido, Japan

ABSTRACT:   The state of imposex in Neptunea arthritica from seven sites along the coast of Hokkaido, Japan was examined in 2002 based on the criteria: (i) relative penis size index (RPSI); (ii) imposex frequency; (iii) stage frequency distribution of imposex in adult and immature whelks; and (iv) sex ratio. RPSI differed from site to site, although values from all sites were low (0.186–5.294). In particular, the RPSI values for four sites were very low (<1.0). In sites where immature whelks were also collected, the frequency of imposex was considerably lower in immature (7.7%–55.6%) than in adult whelks (50%–95.2%) except at one site. The imposex stage frequency distribution also differed among sites, and the trend in the adult whelks corresponded with their RPSI value. Female whelks showing severe imposex (Stage 3 and 3+) were restricted to large individuals.     

南沙岛礁周围水域主要鱼类食物网

在南沙岛礁周围水域收集了43种主要鱼类,共940个胃含物,根据对它们的食性分析,并依其食料生物的生态类群以及消化器官特点,一般可划分为浮游生物食性、底栖动物食性、游泳动物食性、浮游生物兼底栖动物食性、底栖动物兼游泳动物食性等5种食性类型。根据食物网中各营养级的相互关系,初步划分为4个营养级,即初级生产者(海洋植物)、草食性动物和杂食性动物、低级肉食性动物和中级肉食性动物、高级肉食性动物。并根据这些营养级的划分,南沙岛礁周围水域43种主要鱼类可分低级肉食性鱼类,中级肉性鱼类和高级肉食性鱼类,它们的比为28105。灰裸顶鲷是南沙岛礁周围水域三重剌网举足轻重的捕捞对象,从食物网的观点出发,应加强灰裸顶鲷幼鱼期敌害鱼和其竞食者的捕捞,为低级肉食性经济鱼类除害,灰裸顶鲷就有可能增加资源量。     

南北湖渔业资源现状及开发途径的探讨

作者于１９９５年对位于杭州湾北岸海盐县境内的南北湖进行了周年浮生物种群组成调查及生物量季节变化的测定，由此估算出该湖食浮游生物及腐屑的鱼类增产潜力。鉴于南北湖是著名风景湖泊，在渔业上不宜采取投饵施肥方式增加鱼是疾病，但针对良料资源状况选择适宜品种，有节制地增殖放养某些经济鱼虾，不仅能     

Stewardship and management of freshwater ecosystems: From Leopold's land ethic to a freshwater ethic

1. In 1949, Aldo Leopold formalized the concept of the ‘land ethic’, in what emerged as a foundational and transformational way of thinking about natural resource management, biodiversity conservation, and stewardship in terrestrial systems. Yet, the land ethic has inherent linkages to aquatic ecosystems; Leopold himself conducted research on rivers and lakes, and freshwater ecosystems figured widely in his writing.
2. We reflect on the land ethic and other aspects of Leopold's scholarship to identify key messages that provide insight into the stewardship and management of freshwater ecosystems around the globe. We also frame what we call the ‘freshwater ethic’ around Leopold's legacy. Although Leopold could not have envisaged the stressors affecting modern aquatic ecosystems, his core principles remain salient. These apply not only to ecosystem protection, but also to the ethics of modern conservation economics, sustainability, and the protection of natural capital, in which lakes, rivers, and wetlands now figure prominently.
3. We identify key ‘Aldo-inspired’ recommendations for protecting and restoring freshwater ecosystems in the Anthropocene that emanate directly from his writings (e.g. adopt an ecosystem approach, identify win–win–win scenarios, recognize the irreplaceability of wild waters, and strive for freshwater optimism).
4. In an epoch where links between people and nature are becoming more explicit in environmental management, policy, and governance, we suggest that Aldo Leopold's work illustrates how inspirational, seminal thinkers have offered leadership in this domain. We contend that today there is still much that can be learned from Leopold, especially by the next generation of environmental practitioners, to ensure the effective stewardship of our aquatic ecosystems.
5. We submit that the adoption of a freshwater ethic in parallel with Leopold's land ethic will enhance the stewardship of the world's increasingly threatened fresh waters by raising the profile of the plight of fresh waters and identifying enduring actions that, if embraced, will help conserve and restore biodiversity.

     

关于碱性水域水化因子与渔业利用问题的探讨

根据1986～1992年对三勇水库、敖包泡等几个碱性水域的渔业状况及水化学观测的结果,总结了养鱼水域碱度的高限指标。提出碱度16 mmol·L~(-1)(pH9.24)是可进行鲤、草、鲢精养的碱度上限。碱度在18 mmol·L~(-1)(pH9.42)以上的水域要选择耐碱鱼类养殖。鲢鳙在此水域中不能存活。     

太湖地区地表水氮污染源的评论

The nitrogen （N） pollution status of the 12 most important rivers in Changshu, Taihu Lake region was investigated. Water samples were collected from depths of 0.5-1.0 m with the aid of the global positioning system （GPS）. The seasonal variations in the concentrations of different N components in the rivers were measured. Using tension-free monolith lysimeters and ^15N-labeled fertilizer, field experiments were carried out in this region to determine variations of iSN abundance of NO3^- in the leachate during the rice and wheat growing seasons, respectively. Results showed that the main source of N pollution of surface waters in the Taihu Lake region was not the N fertilizer applied in the farmland but the urban domestic sewage and rural human and animal excreta directly discharged into the water bodies without treatment. Atmospheric dry and wet N deposition was another evident source of N pollutant of the surface waters. In conclusion, it would not be correct to attribute the N applied to farmlands as the source of N pollution of the surface waters in this region.