上饶早梨‘六月雪’和‘黄皮消’全基因组重测序分析

以上饶早梨Pyrus pyrifolia 2个品种‘六月雪’‘Liuyuexue’和‘黄皮消’‘Huangpixiao’试管苗为材料,进行全基因组重测序分析。结果表明:2个样本的总单核苷酸多态位点（SNP）数量分别为6 171 357和6 140 603个,编码区内无义突变位点（nsSNP）分别为335 659和332 280个。对nsSNP的常见变异（common variant,CV）分析发现,共有2 282个nsSNP关联了2 067个基因。2个样本的总插入缺失位点（INDEL）分别为800 388和799 603个,其中15 509和15 274个位于编码区,共5 115个差异INDEL关联到了3 682个基因,烟草花叶病毒（tobacco mosaic virus）耐药蛋白N,抗病蛋白等关键基因发生变异。差异nsSNP和差异INDEL富集得到的基因本体术语（GO terms）一致。本实验结果可为上饶早梨2个品种‘六月雪’和‘黄皮消’SNP和INDEL相关标记的开发、优异基因的挖掘提供参考。     

小白菜抗盐胁迫的根系响应机制

以前期筛选得到的抗盐品种‘四倍体矮脚黄’和盐敏感品种‘改良605’为材料,采用水培方法,研究了两品种在根系形态、根系细胞质膜伤害、根系渗透调节物质含量和根系活性氧及其清除系统对盐胁迫的响应。试验结果表明,‘四倍体矮脚黄’盐处理组的根系长度、根系分支数、根毛直径等分别较CK降低了0.71 cm、0.6个·株-1、0.28 mm和2.5μm,根毛密度较CK增加了3根·mm-1,除根毛长度较CK显著降低外(P0.05),其它指标均与CK差异不显著。而‘改良605’在盐处理组未见根毛分化,根系也不分支,其根长、根系分支数、根毛长度、根毛直径和根毛密度等较CK的降低值分别为:5.87 cm、5.0个·株-1、0.63 mm、17.3μm和24根·mm-1,远远高于‘四倍体矮脚黄’。盐处理组各指标均极显著低于CK(P0.01)。生理指标测定结果表明,盐胁迫促使两个品种根系可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质含量增加,相对电导率提高,保护酶活性降低,Na~+/K~+比值增大,活性氧积累,但抗盐品种‘四倍体矮脚黄’的变化程度小于盐敏感品种‘改良605’。     

Assessing the Feasibility of Olsen P and P Sorption Parameters in Acidic Soils

Plant-available phosphorus (P) and P adsorption capacities are important for crop growth in acidic soils. Olsen P test, which is based on extraction with bicarbonate for predicting the amount of soil P available to plants, was used in this work. Soil P-adsorption capacities were determined by Langmuir line equation. The purpose of this work was to examine the suitability of Olsen P for predicting phytoavailable P and P sorption parameters in acid soil. To this end, we (i) assessed the phytoavailable P by successively pot-cropping rice and (ii) P adsorption characteristics of soil and their relation with Olsen P. Plant-available P, estimated by Olsen P in tested soil, was correlated to labile P. Qm (phosphorus sorption maximum) was negatively correlated with K (P sorption strength). P buffering capacity of soils was P3 (the highest P rate) >P2 (the second highest P rate) >P1 (the lowest P rate) >P0 (no P adding) after 75 day’s rice growth, which indicated P replenishment capacity was different among P treatments. This also suggested that P of plant uptake may decrease soil buffering capacity, especially for soils that contained relatively lower amounts of P. Qm and K were not significantly correlated to Olsen P. Degree of P saturation and Olsen P shared the similar trend with the change of P application rates and sampling dates. We concluded P status in soil can be characterized by degree of P saturation and Olsen P in tested soil. They were able to explain P status from both agronomic and environmental aspects.

Abbreviations: Qm, P sorption maximum; K, P sorption strength; P3, highest P rate in soil; P2, second highest P rate in soil; P1, lowest P rate in soil; P0, P adding in soil.     

壮秧剂用量对机插水稻秧苗生长发育的影响

以水稻春光1号为材料,研究了壮秧剂用量对机插水稻秧苗生长发育的影响。结果表明,使用壮秧剂处理的秧苗素质较好,叶绿素含量高,机插后秧苗绿叶数多,以1∶200的比例进行壮秧剂施肥,秧苗综合素质好,成苗率高,机插质量也好,是最适的壮秧剂施肥比例。     

水杨酸对黄独试管苗生长发育的影响

探讨了不同浓度的水杨酸对黄独试管苗生长发育的影响。黄独带芽茎段分别在含0、0.4、0.8、1.6、3.2、6.4、12.8和25.6mg/L等8个梯度浓度水杨酸的MS培养基中,在温度为25±1℃、光照时间12h/d、光强1000～1400lx的条件下进行培养,结果表明,低浓度水杨酸对黄独的生长有促进作用,但高浓度水杨酸对黄独试管苗的生长发育有抑制作用,而且随着浓度增加其抑制作用愈加明显。     

A methodology for multi-objective cropping system design based on simulations. Application to weed management

Weeds are harmful for crop production but important for biodiversity. In order to design cropping systems that reconcile crop production and biodiversity, we need tools and methods to help farmers to deal with this issue. Here, we developed a novel method for multi-objective cropping system design aimed at scientists and technical institutes, combining a cropping system database, decision trees, the “virtual field” model FlorSys and indicators translating simulated weed floras into scores in terms of weed harmfulness (e.g. crop yield loss, weed-borne parasite risk, field infestation), weed-mediated biodiversity (e.g. food offer for bees) and herbicide use intensity. 255 existing cropping systems were simulated with FlorSys, individual indicator values were aggregated into a multi-performance score, and decision trees were built to identify combinations of management practices and probabilities for reaching performance goals. These trees are used to identify the characteristics of existing cropping systems that must be changed to achieve the chosen performance goals, depending on the user's risk strategy. Alternative systems are built and simulated with FlorSys to evaluate their multi-criteria performance. The method was applied to an existing oilseed rape/wheat/barley rotation with yearly mouldboard ploughing from Burgundy which was improved to reconcile weed harmfulness control, reduced herbicide use and biodiversity promotion, based on a risk-minimizing strategy. The best alternative replaced a herbicide entering plants via shoot tips (during emergence) and roots after barley sowing by a spring herbicide entering via leaves, introduced crop residue shredding before cereals and rolled the soil at sowing, which reduced the risk of unacceptable performance from 90% to 40%. When attempting to reconcile harmfulness control and reduced herbicide use, the best alternative changed the rotation to oilseed rape/wheat/spring pea/wheat, replaced one herbicide in oilseed rape by mechanical weeding, delayed tillage before rape and applied the PRE herbicide before oilseed rape closer to sowing. This option reduced the risk of unacceptable performance to 30%. None of the initial or alternative cropping systems succeeded in optimal performance, indicating that more diverse cropping systems with innovative management techniques and innovative combinations of techniques are needed to build the decision trees. This approach can be used in workshops with extension services and farmers in order to design cropping systems. Compared to expert-based design, it has the advantage to go beyond well-known options (e.g. plough before risky crops) to identify unconventional options, with a particular focus on interactions between cultural techniques.     

昼夜温差对江西铅山红芽芋试管苗生长发育和生理生化指标的影响

以江西铅山红芽芋试管苗为试材,研究了不同昼夜温差对江西铅山红芽芋试管苗生长发育和生理生化指标的影响。结果表明:随着昼夜温差增加,江西铅山红芽芋试管苗的株高和新生根长显著降低,而新生芽数和新生根数无显著变化;同时,随着昼夜温差增加,江西铅山红芽芋试管苗总叶绿素含量、可溶性总糖含量和可溶性蛋白质含量显著增加,质膜透性和丙二醛含量显著下降,根系活力则表现出先下降后增加再下降的趋势。     

无土栽培基质速效钾测定方法的比较

将4种土壤速效钾测定方法用于无土栽培基质中速效钾的测定,测定结果经统计分析表明,2 mol.L-1冷HNO3、Mehlich3和ASI 3种方法与1mol.L-1中性NH4OAc法测定的速效钾存在极显著的相关性,并且在显著水平α=0.05,ASI法与Mehlich3法的速效钾测定结果没有显著性差异。这两种方法都可以用于无土栽培基质速效钾的测定。     

无土栽培基质速效磷测定方法的研究

将4种土壤速效磷测定方法 [Olsen法(常规方法)、Bary1法、ASI法、Mehlich3法]用于无土栽培基质速效磷的测定,结果表明:在显著水平α=0.05,ASI法与Olsen法测定的速效磷没有显著性差异,而Bary1法和Meh-lich3法与Olsen法测定的速效磷存在极显著性差异,故ASI法可用于无土栽培基质速效磷的测定。     

江西铅山红芽芋试管苗对盐胁迫的生理响应

以江西铅山红芽芋试管苗为材料,研究其对盐胁迫的生理响应。结果表明:(1)低浓度的Na Cl(如1、2.5 g/L)有助于试管苗的生长发育,试管苗鲜重和干重显著增加,但对根冠比无显著影响。而高浓度的Na Cl(如5、10、15 g/L)则抑制了试管苗的生长发育,试管苗鲜重、干重和根冠比明显下降。(2)低浓度的Na Cl(如1、2.5 g/L)有利于增加叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量,提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性。但高浓度的Na Cl(如5、10、15 g/L)则降低叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量,降低SOD和POD活性。(3)任何浓度的Na Cl胁迫均会导致红芽芋叶片Na+含量和根系K+含量的增加,且叶片和根系的Na+/K+也随Na Cl浓度增加而升高。(4)任何浓度的Na Cl胁迫均会造成红芽芋试管苗叶片可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量的增加。低浓度的Na Cl胁迫不会造成红芽芋试管苗叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量和细胞质膜透性的变化,但高浓度的Na Cl胁迫会造成红芽芋试管苗叶片MDA含量和细胞质膜透性的增加。脯氨酸含量与可溶性总糖含量、MDA含量和质膜透性间呈显著的正相关,表明盐胁迫下脯氨酸积累的多少可反映红芽芋试管苗的伤害程度。