Density and relative frequency effects on competitive interactions and resource use in pea–barley intercrops

Intercropping advantages may be influenced by both plant density and relative frequency of the intercrop components. In a field study barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) were sole cropped and intercropped at three densities and with two relative frequencies when intercropped.Earlier seedling emergence gave barley an initial growth advantage, assessed using the relative efficiency index (REIc), whereas pea was in general more growth efficient once the initial growth phase had been passed. This reversal in relative growth efficiency along with the observation that early barley dominance did not appear to suppress pea growth indicates that differences in phenology played a role in shaping the prevailing dynamics. Whereas increases in plant density had a positive effect on the growth of pea, the growth of intercropped barley was severely limited by increases in density at the end of the growing period and more so in the pea dominated intercrop. At the final harvest land equivalent ratios (LER) of 0.9–1.2 express resource complementarity in almost all studied intercrops, complementarity that was not directly affected by changes in plant density or relative frequency.Intercropped pea did not increase its reliance on atmospheric nitrogen fixation compared to the pea sole crop. With respect to soil nitrogen uptake there were no effect of plant density but a strong effect of the relative frequency of pea in the intercrop, the greater the proportion the lower the uptake.Changes in the competitive strength of the pea and barley crop over the growing season had a marked effect on the proportion of pea in the final grain yields of the intercrops. At low and recommended density the proportions of pea and barley in the final grain yield was not markedly different from the expected proportions sown; however, at high density the suppression of barley strongly increased the proportion of pea in the final grain yield.Weed infestation levels decreased as density was raised and the suppressing effect of density was clearly stronger the greater the frequency of pea in the crop. Earlier germination and tillering ability of barley are seen as likely explanations of lower weed load in the barley dominated crop treatments.This study points at the potential of employing density and relative crop frequency as “regulators” when specific intercrop objectives such as increased competitiveness towards weeds or specific grain yield composition are wanted.     

增施绿肥与降低氮肥对小麦产量和土壤肥力的影响

在甘肃河西绿洲灌区,通过田间试验研究了增施绿肥7500kg/hm^2后减施无机N肥施用量对小麦产量、经济性状、土壤肥力和土壤微生物数量的影响。结果表明,绿肥＋70%N处理比当地农民习惯施肥模式（FFP）增产829～1525kg/hm^2,增产率为10.7%～22.9%,且土壤碱解N、速效P、速效K和有机质含量均较高,能...     

不同形态氮肥对陇东烤烟产量形成的作用及其机理

针对陇东旱塬烤烟生产中存在的氮肥种类选择不合理引起的产量不高、品质下降等问题,于2009年在甘肃省庆阳市正宁县进行大田试验,研究不同形态氮肥硝铵磷（ANP）和尿素（UA）对烤烟产量形成的作用及其机理。结果表明：ANP处理显著促进了烤烟根系的生长发育,增强了烤烟根系活力,比UA处理具有更理想的根参数和更强的根系活力,移栽15 d后,ANP处理的总根长、表面积、根尖数和根系活力分别比UA处理的增加了63.4%,64.3%,54.3%和43.8%;ANP处理显著提高了根系和地上部干物质积累量,表现在收获时ANP处理的根系及地上部干物质积累量分别比UA处理的增加了15.87%和12.05%;烤烟移栽后短期内,ANP处理的土壤NO3^--N含量明显高于UA处理的,且土壤NH4^＋-N含量明显低于UA处理的,移栽5 d后,ANP处理的土壤NO3^--N含量比UA处理的增加了44.7%,NH4^＋-N含量比UA处理的降低了44.8%;ANP处理显著提高了烤烟产量和产值,分别比UA处理增加了16.8%和24.8%,纯收入增加了7 330元/hm2;尿素和硝铵磷施入土壤后短期内化学行为的不同,以及由此引起的根形态和吸收能力不同是引起烤烟产量和产值差异的主要原因。     

Eucalyptus grandis and Acacia mangium in monoculture and intercropped plantations: Evolution of soil and litter microbial and chemical attributes during early stages of plant development

Soil microorganisms and microbial processes are influenced by the quality and quantity of plant waste entering the soil, by its seasonal and spatial distribution, by the ratio of above- to below-ground inputs, and by changes in nutrient inputs. Soil management strategies sometimes promote mixed-species plantations to mitigate the loss of soil nutrients and improve biogeochemical cycling. The objective of this study was to explore changes in microbiological and chemical attributes of soils and litter in the early stages of the second rotation of mixed and pure plantations of Eucalyptus grandis and Acacia mangium, and to look for correlations between attributes. Soil samples at 0–10 cm depth were collected two, seven, 14, and 20 months after planting in the following treatments: monocultures of A. mangium and E. grandis, a monoculture of E. grandis with N-fertilizer, and an intercropped plantation with E. grandis and A. mangium. Microbial soil attributes varied dramatically between treatments 20 months after planting. Total C, N and P contents in litter showed the strongest correlations with microbial biomass C and N (C_mic and N_mic), microbial respiration, and dehydrogenase activity in all sampling periods. Lower C/N and C/P ratios in litter and lower C/N and C_mic/tC ratios in soils after 20 months in the intercropped plantation illustrated the system's capacity for supplying inputs of high-quality organic matter rich in N and P, but this did not result in higher contents of these elements or greater microbial activity in soils. An implication of this finding is that, at least in the initial growth phase of these plantations, chemical attributes of the litter and variation in those attributes govern microbial processes and, consequently, are mostly responsible for plant development. Canonical discriminant analysis revealed changes in the microbiological and chemical attributes of soil in the intercropped plantation due to the plants growth and the leaf litter accumulation. Twenty months after planting, the different plantations could be discriminated by differences in litter chemistry (C, N, and P), total soil C, N_mic, and dehydrogenase activity, which were very similar in intercropped plantations and E. grandis with N-fertilizer. These results from the early stages of plantation development are important for understanding the dynamics of soil attributes in these systems, and especially in intercropped plantations. In intercropped areas the cumulative effect of microbial attributes reflects a more sustainable system. Long-term studies are needed to identify patterns that develop after 20 months, during the growth period of these plantations.     

土壤改良剂对冷浸田土壤特性和水稻群体质量的影响

以南方典型冷浸田为研究对象, 在明沟排水的基础上, 通过田间定位试验, 以不施土壤改良剂为对照, 研究了施用不同土壤改良剂(自研的脱硫灰改良剂、生物活性炭, 市售的土壤改良剂石灰、硅钙肥、腐植酸)对冷浸田氧化还原电位、土壤呼吸强度、土壤微生物数量、水稻群体构建及产量构成因素的影响。结果表明, 施用改良剂能够改善土壤理化性状, 提升土壤速效养分和pH,但除脱硫灰处理外, 其他改良剂处理对土壤Eh未产生显著影响。施用不同土壤改良剂在水稻各生育期均能有效增强土壤微生物呼吸强度和放线菌数量, 并且放线菌数量达到差异性显著水平(P<0.05), 生物活性炭处理下土壤呼吸强度和放线菌数量分别较对照增加67.6%和127.6%。各土壤改良剂处理与CK相比较均有助于提高叶片SPAD、茎蘖数、水稻干物质积累量、成穗数、穗粒数、产量结实率和根系伤流速率。其中以脱硫灰和生物活性炭处理改良效果最佳, 抽穗后29 d时,根系伤流速率较CK分别提高45.4%和39.1%, 叶片SPAD分别增加27.4%和22.5%; 成熟期水稻成穗数较对照提高12.1%和10.7%,干物质积累量增加68.8%和50.5%,产量分别增加12.8%和10.3%。综上所述, 土壤改良剂可有效改善冷浸田土壤特性及水稻群体质量, 脱硫灰和生物活性炭处理的改良效果最明显, 增产幅度最大。     

旱地全膜覆土穴播和全沙覆盖平作对小麦田土壤水分和产量的调节机理

以春小麦品种‘陇春27’为试材,采用田间试验法,以裸地平作为对照,研究半干旱区旱地全膜覆土穴播和全沙覆盖平作对小麦田土壤水分和产量的调节作用。结果表明:与裸地平作(CK)相比,全膜覆土穴播(PM)和全沙覆盖平作(SM)小麦田0~40 cm土壤水分条件明显改善,尤其在干旱年份,能满足小麦前期生长,同时促进小麦出苗后对0~200 cm土壤水分的利用;种植第1年PM在60~80 cm土层耗水量最大,SM和CK在40~60 cm土层耗水量最大;种植第2年PM以120~180 cm土层耗水量最多,SM和CK则以60~80 cm土层耗水量最多。连续种植两年后,PM耗水深度从120 cm延伸到200 cm,SM耗水深度从120 cm延伸到140 cm,CK耗水深度无变化;小麦田休闲效率PM最大,SM次之,CK最小,但是各处理休闲效率随种植年限增加而降低。可见,PM和SM能改善小麦前期生长水分环境,促进出苗后耗水,并加快小麦对土壤深层水分的利用,因而与CK相比,PM产量增加48.77%~815.79%,SM产量增加49.41%~702.24%。但随种植年限增加,耗水深度加大,休闲效率降低,多年种植可能对土壤水分生态产生不利影响。     

2011—2020年土壤修复领域研究态势的文献计量分析

土壤污染已经成为全球性问题,也是中国环境危害最为严重的问题之一。本文数据来源于中国知网(CNKI)和Web of Science (WOS)数据库,利用CiteSpace软件对2011—2020年土壤修复研究领域的文献进行可视化分析,探讨了土壤修复相关研究的现状及未来发展趋势。研究表明：土壤修复领域的研究（1）发文量总体呈上升趋势,中国、美国、西班牙、印度、澳大利亚是英文发文量位居前5的国家;中国以科学院为主要发文机构;（2）从关键词的中心性和文献被引频次分析得到重金属污染土壤及修复是目前主要的研究内容,而生物修复及生物炭是土壤修复领域的研究热点（3）农药污染土壤修复、生态修复、修复材料及修复技术的研发是未来土壤修复研究领域的重要方向。     

凹凸棒添加对有机肥发酵温度及养分的影响

为充分利用凹凸棒石的吸附性能,降低有机肥发酵过程中的碳氮损失,减少臭气排放,设置4个不同凹凸棒石添加量（0、5%、10%、15%）,探讨凹凸棒石添加量对有机肥发酵温度、养分含量及养分损失率的影响。结果显示：相比不添加凹凸棒石的对照,添加凹凸棒石可降低堆肥发酵最高温度,延长高温持续时间,降低堆体水分损失速率; 5%凹凸棒石添加可显著降低氮素损失约10个百分点,但当其添加量超过10%时,氮素损失反而增加;添加凹凸棒石显著降低了有机质含量和损失率,且凹凸棒石添加量与有机质损失率呈显著负相关关系。此外,添加凹凸棒石可提高有机肥的钾素含量,但对磷素的含量和损失无显著影响。研究表明,有机肥生产工艺中,凹凸棒石的适宜添加量应为物料总质量的5%~10%。     

Changes in soil organic carbon pools following long-term fertilization under a rain-fed cropping system in the Loess Plateau,China

Understanding the mechanism of soil organic carbon(SOC) sequestration is of paramount importance in sustaining crop productivity and mitigating climate change. Long-term trials were employed to investigate the responses of total SOC and its pools, i.e., mineral-associated OC(MOC), particulate OC(POC, containing Light-POC and Heavy-POC), to fertilization regimes at Yangling(25-year), Tianshui(35-year) and Pingliang(37-year) under a rain-fed cropping system in the Loess Plateau. The fertilization regimes in each trial included three treatments, i.e., control(no nutrient input, CK), chemical fertilizers(CF), and organic manure plus chemical fertilizers(MCF). Relative to the CK, long-term fertilization appreciably increased SOC storage by 134, 89 and 129 kg ha~(–1) yr~(–1) under CF, and 418, 153 and 384 kg ha~(–1) yr~(–1) under MCF in plough layer soils(0–20 cm), respectively, at the Yangling, Tianshui and Pingliang sites. The MOC pools accounted for 72, 67 and 64% of the total SOC at the above three sites with sequestration rates of 76, 57 and 83 kg ha~(–1) yr~(–1) under CF and 238, 118 and 156 kg ha~(–1) yr~(–1) under MCF, respectively. Moreover, the MOC pool displayed a saturation behavior under MCF conditions. The POC accordingly constituted 27, 33 and 36% of SOC, of which Light-POC accounted for 11, 17 and 22% and Heavy-POC for 17, 16 and 15% of SOC, respectively. The sequestration rates of POC were 58, 32 and 46 kg ha~(–1) yr~(–1) under CF, and 181, 90 and 228 kg ha~(–1) yr~(–1) under MCF at the three respective sites, in which Light-POC explained 59, 81 and 72% of POC under CF, and 60, 40 and 69% of POC under MCF, with Heavy-POC accounting for the balance. Compared with CK, the application of CF alone did not affect the proportions of MOC or total POC to SOC, whereas MCF application markedly reduced the proportion of MOC and increased the POC ratio, mainly in the Light-POC pool. The distribution of SOC among different pools was closely related to the distribution and stability of aggregates. The present study confirmed that organic manure amendment not only sequestered more SOC but also significantly altered the composition of SOC, thus improving SOC quality, which is possibly related to the SOC saturation level.     

21个高羊茅品种抗旱抗热性的生理评价

在遮雨温室对21个高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)品种进行高温干旱(干热)胁迫处理,观测草坪质量,叶片相对电导率,叶片相对含水量,超氧化物歧化酶活性,过氧化氢酶活性和丙二醛含量的变化。结果表明,各品种的草坪质量,叶片相对含水量,超氧化物歧化酶活性,过氧化氢酶活性均呈下降趋势,叶片相对电导率和丙二醛含量呈上升趋势。其中,贝克、汤凯、火凤凰、红宝石、猎狗5号、野马二代、艾瑞3号的叶片相对含水量,草坪质量,超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性下降幅度显著低于快乐岛、阿帕奇、阿拉比亚、三丰(P<0.05),其叶片相对电导率和丙二醛含量上升幅度也较低,说明干热胁迫对快乐岛、阿帕奇、阿拉比亚、三丰的伤害较其他品种大。层次聚类分析后,高羊茅21个品种大致被分为3个抗旱抗热级别,即贝克、汤凯、火凤凰、红宝石、猎狗5号、野马二代、艾瑞3号为相对抗旱抗热类群,交战2号、特飒、滨狗、凌志、澳格、佳美、警犬,美洲豹3号、沙漠王子、追寻者为中等抗旱抗热类群,快乐岛、阿帕奇、阿拉比亚、三丰为相对敏感类群。