矮嵩草草甸植物种群物候学定量研究

通过对矮嵩草草甸主要植物种群物候特性的观测研究,采用聚类分析和主分量排序法将矮嵩草草甸19种植物种群划分为不同的物候类群。利用相关系数排序法指出了影响不同物候期的主要生态因子依次是温度、降水量和日照时数。研究结果表明,物候指数是说明高寒矮嵩草草甸物候模式的一个有用指标。     

Quantifying the Dynamics of Livestock Distribution by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): A Case Study of Yak Grazing at the Household Scale

Managed grazing is the most extensive land use worldwide. Information about the spatio-temporal distribution of livestock is critical for grassland ecosystem management. However, no direct and cost-effective method exists to monitor livestock distribution under natural conditions. We proposed a practical method that uses unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and tested it at a typical household pasture on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. We monitored and analyzed the hourly spatial distribution of each yak (Bos mutus). We found that (1) yak information extracted by our independently developed software was sufficiently accurate (P > 0.05); (2) yak density (frequency/area/period) decreased with increasing distance from campsites in the early growing season, while the pattern reversed in the late growing season; (3) dispersion index (DI, m²/yak) of the yak herd exhibited a tendency to decrease in the morning and then to increase in the afternoon within a day; from June to September DI decreased in both the morning and afternoon, but was similar at noon. The monitoring method we developed in this study characterized the spatial distribution of the whole yak herd dynamically with high frequency, resolution, and efficiency. We conclude that this method is suitable for long-term monitoring of animal behavior, and for studying relationship between the distribution of pastoral livestock and resource availability, which will be beneficial for grassland sustainable management.     

三江源区高寒草地营养承载力时空格局

草畜平衡管理是草地可持续发展的有效途径之一，而草地承载力的核定是草畜平衡管理的基础和前提。本文基于野外调查和遥感估算方法，分析了三江源区可食牧草和粗蛋白产量的季节变化，并核算了可食牧草和粗蛋白的理论承载力。结果表明：三江源区高寒草地返青期、盛草期和枯草期可食牧草平均产量分别为20.84，89.86和50.27 g·m^-2；可食牧草承载力分别为1.18，2.21和0.69（标准羊单位·ha^-1，Sheep unit·ha^-1，SHU·ha^-1）；平均粗蛋白产量分别为2.63，10.11和1.94 g·m^-2；在维持基本代谢或45 kg标准羊体重不变情况下，平均粗蛋白理论承载力分别为8.30，4.98，0.89 SHU·ha^-1，和4.76，2.85，0.51 SHU·ha^-1。依据粗蛋白承载力高于可食牧草承载力及东部和东南部向西部和西北部递减的分布格局，建议在东部农牧交错区合理利用天然草地，适度开发耕地，籽实体农业转向营养体农业，实现东部和中部地区资源配置、优势互补的耦合发展模式。     

生长季封育和氮添加对退化高寒沼泽湿地土壤水分状况的影响

为探讨封育和氮添加对退化高寒湿地恢复的影响，本研究在青藏高原东部轻中度退化高寒湿地设置生长季禁牧和氮添加处理试验，并测定了群落结构和生产力、物种丰富度、土壤水分和氮、磷元素含量等指标。结果表明生长季禁牧能够显著提高退化湿地土壤水分含量、土壤速效氮含量和群落净初级生产力，提高禾草类物种在群落中的占比，而降低杂类草物种的占比；氮添加及二者的交互作用对退化湿地植物群落上述指标的影响不显著，但是氮添加处理有增加地上生物量和提高土壤含水量的趋势。本研究还提出了一个围栏封育和氮添加对退化高寒湿地恢复（以土壤水分含量为指标）影响的概念模型。生长季禁牧和氮添加有助于高寒退化湿地的恢复，因此在未来高寒湿地的保护和修复中应该考虑适度禁牧和养分添加。     

青海省不同高寒草地土壤主要养分及可溶性有机碳特性研究

为探索不同高寒草地类型中土壤有机碳、养分和可溶性有机碳的含量差异以及可溶性有机碳分布特征,以青海省4个高寒草地类型土壤0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层为研究对象,分析了土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾、可溶性有机碳含量,以及可溶性有机碳芳香性指数和腐殖化指数,并进一步探讨了可溶性有机碳含量与土壤有机碳、各养分含量之间的相关性。结果表明,不同高寒草地类型各土层土壤中全氮、有机碳、可溶性有机碳含量由高到低的顺序依次为:高寒草甸类>高寒草甸草原类>高寒草原类>高寒荒漠类,且不同类型之间差异显著(P<0.05)。随着土层的加深,土壤全氮、有机碳含量有降低趋势。不同类型高寒草地各土层土壤中可溶性有机碳的芳香性指数和腐殖化指数表现出与此相同的变化趋势。不同高寒草地各土层中可溶性有机碳与土壤全氮、有机碳含量之间均呈现出显著正相关关系(P<0.05)。综上所述,高寒草甸和高寒草甸草原土壤有机碳、全氮、可溶性有机碳含量较高,结构复杂。可溶性有机碳的芳香性指数和腐殖化指数在一定程度上能够反映土壤养分状况。     

微量元素锌在动物生产中的作用

锌作为动物必需微量元素,在动物生产中的作用受到人们的广泛关注,并做了大量研究。作者主要综述了锌在动物体中的代谢,动物生产中的作用及急需解决的问题。     

Integrated management of major diseases of mungbean by seed treatment and foliar application of insecticide,fungicides and bioagent

Field experiments were conducted during the rainy seasons of 2009 and 2010 for the management of the major diseases of mungbean, namely, wet root rot (Rhizoctonia solani), cercospora leaf spots (Cercospora canescens and Pseudocercospora cruenta) and yellow mosaic (Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus) by using different combinations of an insecticide, fungicide, and bio-formulation as seed treatment, with or without foliar sprays. A combination of seed treatment with thiamethoxam (Cruiser™) at 4 g kg⁻¹, carboxin (Vitavax™) at 2 g kg⁻¹ and Pusa 5SD (Trichoderma virens) at 4 g kg⁻¹ followed by simultaneous foliar sprays of thiamethoxam (Actara™) 0.02% and carbendazim (Bavistin™) 0.05% at 21 and 35 days after sowing resulted in the highest seed germination and grain yield in mungbean with the lowest intensities of cercospora leaf spots and mungbean yellow mosaic, and moderate incidence of wet root rot. The lowest whitefly population was also observed in this treatment during all stages of the crop. The treatment combinations having Pusa 5SD as seed treatment provided the lowest wet root rot incidence. Two sprays were superior to single spray for all variables recorded, but in combination with seed treatment, single spray was found to be more cost effective as it obtained the highest return per rupee of input. Use of T. virens based bio-formulation Pusa 5SD with insecticide thiamethoxam has been effectively demonstrated for the first time along with fungicides Bavistin and Vitavax for the management of the major diseases of mungbean.     

紫斑牡丹(Paeonia rockii)的光合特性及对土壤干旱胁迫的响应

为研究持续干旱处理对紫斑牡丹(Paeonia rockii)光合生理特性的影响,本研究。以实生苗为材料进行盆栽控水试验,设置对照(compared,CK)、轻度胁迫(light stress,LD)、中度胁迫(moderate stress,MD)、重度胁迫(Severe stress,SD)4个水分处理,研究随着干旱胁迫的加剧,叶片水分生理以及光合生理参数的变化。结果表明:在CK、LD、MD水分梯度下,紫斑牡丹生长正常,但在SD胁迫下受影响明显,植株叶片变黄且萎蔫;各胁迫阶段叶厚、叶水势下降明显,相对含水量(relative water content,RWC)降低幅度小,差异不明显,饱和水分亏(water saturation deficit,WSD)有在MD胁迫下有所升高;干旱胁迫抑制了光合色素合成,叶绿素a(Chlorophyll a,Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlorophyll b,Chlb)、叶绿素总含量(total chlorophyll content,Chla+b)、类胡萝卜素(Carotenoids,Car)显著依次下降,叶绿素比值(Chlorophyll ratio,Chla/b)则相反;干旱胁迫导致叶片净光合速率(net photosynthetic rate,Pn)、气孔导度(Stomatal conductance,Gs)以及蒸腾速率(transpiration rate,Tr)呈现下降趋势,但胞间二氧化碳浓度(intercellular carbon dioxide concentration,Ci)则表现为上升后下降,其中水分利用效率(water use efficiency,WUE)在逐渐上升。在轻度和中度干旱的紫斑牡丹表现出一定的适应性和耐旱能力,而长期重度干旱则对紫斑牡丹影响较为严重,在重度干旱地区栽植需考虑水分供给。本研究为干旱地区和城市的园林绿化植物的选择提供理论支持。     

正交法优化超临界CO2流体萃取糖茶藨籽油工艺的探究

采用超临界CO2萃取技术,经单因素试验研究投料量、粉碎度、萃取压力、萃取温度和萃取时间对糖茶藨籽油萃取率的影响;以糖茶藨籽油萃取率为指标,经正交试验选出最佳萃取工艺条件;通过GC-MS对提取的糖茶藨籽油进行组分分析。结果表明,最佳糖茶藨籽油的萃取条件为投料量400 g、粉碎度35目、压力35 MPa、温度45℃、时间50 min,在此条件下糖茶藨籽提油率为23.23%;超临界CO2流体萃取的糖茶藨籽油是澄明的黄色油状液体,用GC-MS检测不饱和脂肪酸含量达85%以上,其中亚油酸含量为29.57%,糖茶藨籽油酸价是1.10 mg/g,过氧化值是2.70 mmol/kg。本研究得出该工艺条件可为糖茶藨籽油的提取工艺提供了实验支持和理论依据。     

羰氨缩合尿素的营养价值评价

本研究旨在评价羰氨缩合尿素(carbonyl-amino urea,CAU)对反刍家畜的营养价值.首先用体外法评定CAU的释氨速度,然后以安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的3头藏羊作为试验动物,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,评定CAU对藏羊瘤胃液pH、氨氮(NH3-N)和微生物蛋白(MCP)以及血清生化指标的影响.体外试验中,CAU饲...