Black carbon contribution to soil organic matter composition in tropical sloping land under slash and burn agriculture

Tropical soils are generally depleted in organic carbon (OC) due to environmental conditions favouring decomposition and mineralisation of soil organic matter (SOM). In Northern Laos, sloping soils are subjected to slash and burn agriculture, which leads to production of black carbon (BC), a stable SOM fraction. BC may directly influence the quantity and quality of SOM sequestered in tropical soils. The aim of this study was to quantify BC content and evaluate its impact on the chemical and stable isotope composition of SOM along a catena composed of Dystrochrepts at the bottom of the slope, Alfisols (midslope) and Inceptisols at the top of the slope for different burning frequencies. Six soil profiles, situated on a slope ranging from a river bank to the summit of a hill, were sampled. The stable isotope compositions (¹³C and ¹⁵N) of samples from both organo-mineral A and mineral B and C horizons were determined. The chemical composition of SOM analysed by ¹³C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy and the contribution of BC determined by dichromate oxidation were compared to OC and iron oxide content as well as land management including the burning cycle.The highest C contents were recorded at midslope positions. At any position on the slope, δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N ratios showed an enrichment in ¹³C and ¹⁵N with increasing soil depth. The OC content of soil horizons was related to their aryl C content, which is the component most likely driven by BC inputs. The BC contributions analysed by dichromate oxidation ranged from 3% to 7% of total OC. A positive correlation was obtained between aryl C and the BC content of SOM. Comparison of BC content and stable isotope composition of SOM showed that BC influenced the δ¹³C and the δ¹⁵N stable isotope ratios of these soils. BC was not associated with the mineral phase. The highest BC contents were measured under intensive slash and burn practice in the vicinity of the boundary of Alfisols at the top of the slope, where erosion was severe. Therefore, BC, a SOM component strongly influencing OC sequestration of these soils, is susceptible to translocation down the slope.     

不同草本植被过滤带对径流中氮磷的生态阻控效果

为明确在不同条件下植被过滤带对地表径流氮、磷的阻控规律,分别构建百慕大、马尼拉、高羊茅、玉龙草等4种植被过滤带和裸地对照组过滤带,通过模拟3种污染物浓度和3种水力负荷强度的径流,探讨不同草本植被过滤带对表流和渗流中的氮、磷的阻控效果。结果表明,与对照组相比,植被过滤带显著提高土壤系统对径流以及来水中的氮、磷等污染物的拦截能力,在3种水力负荷强度下,百慕大、马尼拉、高羊茅、玉龙草和裸地对照组的平均径流拦截率分别为56.10%,54.28%,63.16%,60.53%和39.10%,4种植被的径流拦截率均显著高于对照组(p＜0.05);4种植被覆盖均显著降低表渗流量比,提高土壤的入渗能力;水力负荷强度的提高降低植被过滤带对NH₄⁺—N和TP的去除效率,但植被过滤带去除率降低的幅度小于对照组;在一定范围内,渗流中TN、NO₃^-—N和TP的去除率随着来水中氮、磷浓度增加而提高;在一定的水力负荷下,根冠比越低的植被削减径流的能力越强。     

控释尿素在水及不同类型土壤中的养分释放特征

试验采用静水培养和土壤培养研究控释尿素的养分释放特征,比较其在不同类型土壤和静水中的养分释放差异, 探讨土壤类型对其养分释放的影响。结果表明,试验选用的控释尿素在250.5℃静水条件下, 初期养分溶出率为1.7%, 28 d养分累积释放率为59.2%, 释放期为50 d, 控释尿素在土壤培养的前50 d, 水稻土中的氮素表观释放率显著低于潮土和黄棕壤中, 50~140 d在水稻土中的氮素表观释放率最高,140 d之后在三种类型土壤中的氮素表观释放率无显著差异。控释尿素在不同类型土壤中的养分表观释放率均与在静水中的显著相关。     

侵蚀红壤腐殖酸组分特点及其对水稳性团聚体的影响

在华中地区采集不同侵蚀程度(轻度、中度、严重)的红壤,利用干湿筛法获得不同粒径的水稳性团聚体(0.25 mm)。通过测定不同粒径水稳性团聚体(0.25 mm)的腐殖酸组分(胡敏酸和富里酸)碳量,以及向不同侵蚀程度的各粒径团聚体(0.25 mm)中添加不同浓度(0.06、0.6 g L-1)的胡敏酸,分析侵蚀红壤腐殖酸组分特点及其对水稳性团聚体的影响。结果表明:随着侵蚀程度的增加,供试红壤和水稳性团聚体(0.25 mm)的腐殖酸组分含量减少;轻度和中度侵蚀红壤中,大粒径(4和2~4 mm)水稳性团聚体的胡敏酸碳量较小粒径(1~2、0.5~1和0.25~0.5 mm)的高;同种侵蚀程度下,除严重侵蚀红壤中2~4 mm团聚体的富里酸碳量与1~2 mm团聚体中的有显著差异外,不同粒径团聚体中富里酸碳量差别不大。3种侵蚀程度红壤的胡富比总体上小于1,其中中度侵蚀红壤和各粒径水稳性团聚体的胡富比均大于其他两种侵蚀程度的。腐殖酸组分与水稳性团聚体(0.25 mm)含量呈极显著正相关,与胡敏酸碳量的相关系数最大(r=0.85**,n=19)。添加不同浓度(0.06和0.6 g L-1)胡敏酸后,3种侵蚀程度红壤各粒径水稳性团聚体(0.25 mm)的含量均增加,且小粒径团聚体(1~2、0.5~1和0.25~0.5 mm)的增加量要高于大团聚体(2~4、4 mm)的。     

利用功能叶片钾含量作为水稻钾营养诊断指标的可行性研究

【目的】植株组织分析是广泛应用的营养状况评价方法。水稻主茎从上往下的第二功能样品采集方便,对水稻植株损伤较小;叶片以全展开叶的状态存在于整个生育期。本文探讨了利用第二功能叶钾含量作为水稻钾营养诊断指标的可行性,为水稻种植提供一种操作性强且准确性高的钾营养诊断方法及指标。【方法】采用田间试验,设置施钾量(K2O)0、60、120、180、240、300和360 kg/hm27个处理,测定各生育期第二功能叶的钾含量和成熟期收获的稻谷产量,对各处理的产量进行显著性检验及肥效模型的拟合,并根据肥效模型对水稻产量进行分级;结合产量分级指标与钾含量和产量的回归方程,最终计算出水稻不同生育期的钾营养诊断指标值。【结果】施用钾肥显著增加稻谷产量,施钾量和稻谷产量适合用二次加平台模型拟合,满足营养诊断的要求。第二功能叶钾含量随施钾量的增加而显著增加,随生育进程先上升后下降,在拔节期达到最大;从分蘖初期到齐穗期,第二功能叶钾含量变化范围为0.85%~2.72%。各生育期第二功能叶钾含量与稻谷产量和施钾量具有极显著的相关性,可以作为诊断指标来预测稻谷产量及反映钾肥施用水平。按小于最佳产量的85%、85%~90%、90%~95%、95%~100%将产量分为5个等级,和大于100%,根据钾含量与产量回归方程计算出各时期的不同产量等级对应的钾含量分级指标,当临界产量为最佳产量的95%时,各时期对应的第二功能叶钾含量分别为1.34%、1.58%、1.98%、2.09%、1.33%和1.27%。【结论】第二功能叶钾含量与施钾量和水稻产量相关极显著,其关系可用二次加平方程模拟,故可作为水稻不同生育期的钾营养诊断指标;以最佳产量的95%作为产量临界值标准,当第二功能叶钾含量在分蘖初期、分蘖盛期、有效分蘖临界期、拔节期、孕穗期和齐穗期分别低于1.34%,1.58%,1.98%,2.09%,1.33%和1.27%,则水稻植株处于钾素缺乏水平,需要补充钾肥以维持其正常的钾素需求。     

Effect of crop residue returns on N2O emissions from red soil in China

For a long time, farmers in the red soil region of southern China have returned crop residues to the soil, but how various crop residues influence nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions is not well understood. We compared the influence of returning different crop residues [rapeseed cake (RC), maize straw, rice straw and wheat straw (WS)] in combination with different levels of nitrogen (N) fertilizer (nil, low and high) on red soil N₂O emissions. Results confirmed the inverse relationship between cumulative N₂O emissions and residue C:N ratio in red soil under different levels of N fertilizer. However, N‐fertilizer application did not significantly influence N₂O emissions in the WS (which had the highest C:N ratio) and corresponding control treatments, while it enhanced N₂O emissions in the RC (which had the lowest C:N ratio) treatment and displayed significantly higher cumulative N₂O emissions with low N fertilizer application. This phenomenon may be attributed to the poor nutrient content in red soil, which leads to ‘Liebig's Law of the Minimum’ on available C. N fertilizer application provided sufficient available N, while the readily available C, which was mainly dependent on the degradability of the residue, became the crucial factor influencing N₂O emissions. Additional experiments, which showed that the addition of glucose and sucrose could increase N₂O emissions when N () was sufficient, confirmed this hypothesis. Thus, to reduce N₂O emissions when returning residues to red soil, we suggest that both the residue C:N ratio and the quality should be considered when deciding whether to apply N fertilizer.     

花岗岩和片麻岩发育土壤性状的水平地带性分异

依据土壤地带性分布规律,由南到北采集了海南、湖北、山东省由花岗岩和片麻岩发育的砖红壤、红壤、黄棕壤和棕壤。分析土壤的全N、有机质、p H、阳离子交换量,以及不同形态铁铝氧化物和一些典型痕量金属元素(Co、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb)的含量,分析土壤性质的空间变异特性。结果表明:随着层次的增加,土壤有机碳、全N含量逐渐减少,并且纬度越高降低幅度越大;随着纬度和土壤层次的增加,土壤砂粒含量逐渐增加,土壤颜色逐渐变浅。游离态氧化铁含量随着土壤层次的增加逐渐增加;络合态氧化铁含量随着土壤层次的增加逐渐减少,且纬度越高降低幅度越大;随着纬度的增加不同形态氧化铝含量呈急剧减少的趋势。根据中国土壤系统分类对这些土壤进行分类,结果表明由同一气候带发育的土壤可分属不同的土纲,不同气候带发育的土壤分属不同土壤亚类,不同气候带土壤性质的差异远大于同一气候带土壤性质差异,气候带的不同是土壤性质差异的重要影响因素。对土壤痕量重金属元素含量分析发现,片麻岩发育的土壤均大于花岗岩发育的,耕地的均大于林地的,且不同金属元素受人类活动的影响程度不同。     

低分子量有机酸培养下几种层状硅酸盐矿物的变化

以两种低分子量有机酸(草酸、柠檬酸),三种层状硅酸盐矿物(高岭石、蒙脱石、伊利石)为材料,研究加入不同浓度有机酸(0 ～ 0.500 mol/L)恒温振荡培养3、7、15天后,各矿物的释硅(Si)量以及矿物结构的变化.研究表明:随着培养时间的增加,各浓度有机酸培养下高岭石和伊利石的释Si量在15天达到最大;在矿物相同的情况下,草酸培养体系大部分较相同浓度柠檬酸体系释放出的Si量高,Si的释放量在0.48 ～ 244.30 μg/ml(以SiO2计)之间;随着有机酸浓度的升高,各矿物Si的释放量均先升高后降低,在有机酸种类和浓度相同的情况下,蒙脱石释放出的Si量最高;随着有机酸浓度的升高,蒙脱石X射线衍射(XRD)图谱中特征峰的强度依次减弱,且草酸较柠檬酸作用效果显著,高岭石和伊利石的则无明显变化.     

灌溉模式与施氮量互作对水稻茎蘖产量形成的影响

【目的】明确灌溉模式与施氮量及其互作对水稻根系形态、茎蘖产量形成的影响,以期为水稻绿色生产及水肥高效利用提供理论依据。【方法】采用大田试验的方法,以两优287为材料,设置浸润式灌溉(W1)、常规灌溉(W2)和淹水灌溉(W3)三种灌水模式,不施氮(N0,0 kg/hm²)、常规施氮(N1,165.0 kg/hm²)和高氮(N2,247.5 kg /hm²)三个氮肥用量共9个处理。在水稻关键生育期取样,测定根系形态和活力、茎蘖动态、生物量和养分含量,研究灌溉模式与施氮量及其互作对水稻生长发育、产量、氮肥利用率和品质的影响。【结果】与W2处理相比,尽管W1处理水稻成穗率平均减少9.2%,但主茎、一次分蘖和二次分蘖的产量分别增加32.7%、18.1%和33.4%,总体产量平均增加18.5%;W3处理水稻成穗率平均减少5.0%,主茎、一次分蘖和二次分蘖的产量分别平均增加9.3%、2.0%和46.4%,总体产量无显著差异。与N0处理相比,各施氮处理的水稻成穗率平均增加6.1%,主茎和一次分蘖的产量分别平均增加8.1%和92.6%,二次分蘖产量平均增加0.57 t/hm²(N0处理无二次分蘖),总体产量平均增加88.0%。方差分析结果显示,灌溉模式与施氮量对茎蘖产量、总体产量及每穗粒数存在显著交互作用。此外,灌溉模式与施氮量对根系形态、根系活力、氮素吸收以及氮素干物质生产效率均产生了显著影响。方差分析结果显示,灌溉模式与施氮量对总根长、根体积、根尖数、根系伤流速度以及根、茎、叶、穗各器官生物量、群体生长速率等均存在显著交互作用。【结论】灌溉模式和施氮量显著影响水稻根系形态、分蘖形成及产量,且存在明显的交互作用。本试验条件下,浸润式灌溉模式下施用适量氮肥(165.0 kg/hm²)可在获得较高产量的同时提高水分和氮肥利用效率并改善稻米品质。     

Soil organic carbon stock and fractional distribution across central-south China

The stock and stability of soil organic carbon (SOC) are critical to soil functions and global carbon cycle, but little quantitative information is available on the precise location and chemical components of SOC for soils across a wide range of climatic gradients. Here, a broad range of zonal soils were collected in forest land at topsoil (0–15 cm) and subsoil (15–30 cm) from temperate to tropical climatic gradient in central to south China. The stock and stability of SOC were determined in terms of aggregate and humic fractionation. SOC in bulk soils with a less significant geographic variation was comparably higher at Haplic Luvisoils in temperate regions (3637.61 g m⁻²) and Rhodi-Humic Ferrosols in tropical regions (3446.12 g m⁻²) than in the other experimental soils, but a consistent decreasing trend was observed along the soil profiles with the SOC stock was 1.11–1.97 times higher in the topsoil than in the subsoils. In addition, insoluble humin residue (HMr) as the dominant components of SOC ranged from 643.95 to 2696.90 g m⁻² and decreased from temperate to tropical regions, which was consistent with the zonal variation of humic acids (HAs), but contrary to the zonal variation of fulvic acids (FAs) that fluctuated in a range of 39.67–389.55 g m⁻² across the experimental sites. According to the results of partial correlation analysis, the variation of FAs stock was significantly attributed to soil pH, bulk density, iron and aluminum oxides, clay, and clay mineral content (|r|>0.61, p < 0.05), while these soil physical properties showed a contradictory effects on HAs, iron-linked humin (HMi), clay-combined humin (HMc), and HMr. Moreover, the aggregate-associated carbon stock was mainly stored in macroaggregates (36.34–76.09%) for both SOC and its chemical components, especially in topsoils, and its zonal variation was associated with that of bulk soils. In general, the redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that mean annual precipitation (MAP) accounted for 81.8% and 13.8% of the variance in SOC chemical and physical fractionation, respectively, while the corresponding contribution of mean annual temperature (MAT) was 1.5% and 34.7%. With the increase of MAT and MAP, the chemical stability of SOC decreased in the molecular structure, and the physical protection of SOC by aggregate exhibited a unimodal trend. The obtained results would facilitate the development of regional soil carbon prediction and land management against global warming.