Studies on the Purification and Characterization of Soybean Esterase, and Its Sensitivity to Organophosphate and Carbamate Pesticides

Soybean esterase, a cholinesterase-like enzyme, was purified by differential centrifugation firstly, then, ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis, and finally, DEAE-cellulose-32 ion-exchange chromatography after extracting it from soybean seeds with phosphate buffer （0.3 mol L^-1, pH 7.0）. The extract recovery rate of the purified enzyme was 8.18% and purification fold was 91.58. The soybean esterase appeared as two bands on the denaturing SDS-PAGE with molecular weights of 24 and 37.2 kDa, respectively, which proved that it is a dimer protein consisting of two subunits. The result of nondenaturing PAGE revealed that the soybean esterase is a single band with cholinesterase-like activity using α- naphthyl acetate as the substrate and fast blue B salt as coloring agent. The esterase showed very high sensitivity to 18 kinds of organophosphate pesticides and 6 kinds of carbamate pesticides with the lowest detective limits of 0.03125- 0.0625 and 0.03125-0.25 mg kg^-1, respectively, and can meet the demands of MRL specified by the most countries.     

How two ridges and the furrow mulched with plastic film affect soil water,soil temperature and yield of maize on the semiarid Loess Plateau of China

Plastic film mulching is an effective practice to improve water harvest and crop productivity in semiarid areas. The grain yield of maize (Zea mayis) as affected by various mulching practices was studied in the field in 2006 and 2007 to determine a mulching pattern that would increase rainwater harvest and crop yield. In 2006, three treatments were used: (1) flat plot without mulch (CK); (2) two ridges and furrows mulched by one plastic film and maize planted in the furrow between the two ridges (DRM); (3) two rows of maize planted in a ridged bed mulched with plastic (RM). Two additional treatments were tested in 2007: (4) two rows of maize mulched with a 70-cm wide plastic film and then 30 cm of bare soil alternated (NM); (5) maize planted without ridges in double rows 80 cm apart and the whole plot mulched with plastic film (WM). Maize yield was highest in the DRM treatment: 1150 kg ha⁻¹ in 2006 and 6130 kg ha⁻¹ in 2007. This was associated with better topsoil moisture in the planting zone and higher soil temperature in the DRM treatment compared with the other treatments. The soil moisture in DRM reached 10.5% and 22.6%, in 2006 and 2007, respectively, the highest of all the treatments. The mean temperature in DRM was higher than in CK and RM by 1.2 °C and 0.4 °C, respectively in 2006, while in 2007, it was higher than that in CK by 3.1 °C, in RM by 0.6 °C, in NM by1.7 °C and in WM by 0.6 °C in 2007. The higher temperatures in the DRM treatments resulted in the maize maturing earlier than in the other mulched treatments, 15 days earlier than in RM in 2006 and 11 days, 3 days, and 14 days earlier than in RM, WM, and NM, respectively in 2007. The highest water-use efficiency (WUE) was found in DRM in both years. In 2006, the WUE in DRM was six times greater than that in CK and 9.96% greater than in RM. In 2007, the WUE for grain in the DRM treatment was 16.6 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹, 11 times greater than that in CK and greater than RM, NM and WM by 67.7%, 26.7% and 9.2%, respectively. It is concluded that the double ridges and furrow mulching treatment could serve as a model for maize production for small-holder farmers in semiarid regions.     

不同生育期调亏灌溉对酿酒葡萄耗水及果实品质的影响

不同程度的土壤干旱对酿酒葡萄的果实品质、产量和水分利用效率具有显著影响。明晰不同生育阶段干旱胁迫效应对酿酒葡萄土壤水分精准化管理和节水灌溉方案的制定具有重要的意义。本文于2014年在河西走廊中东部武威市凉州区清源镇威龙葡萄园产区开展了酿酒葡萄不同生育期、不同干旱胁迫程度的试验研究。在保持其他生育期土壤水分为正常灌溉(土壤水分阈值70%~75%)的情况下,在葡萄的萌芽期、抽蔓期、开花期、浆果膨大期和着色成熟期分别进行中度(土壤水分阈值60%~65%)和重度(土壤水分阈值50%~55%)的干旱处理,同时增设浆果膨大期的充分灌溉(土壤水分阈值80%~85%)处理,以全生育期的正常灌溉(土壤水分阈值70%~75%)作为对照,进行葡萄耗水特征和产量品质的测定。试验结果表明:不同处理土壤含水量垂直变化趋势一致,随土壤深度增加土壤含水量呈持续递增趋势;随着土壤深度递增,调亏灌溉对土壤含水量的影响越来越弱;40~60 cm土壤剖面,调亏处理含水量较对照减少幅度最大;浆果膨大期土壤剖面内含水量均低于其他生育期。不同处理酿酒葡萄耗水强度随时间变化趋势一致,萌芽期日耗水强度最小,为0.13~0.33 mm·d-1,而浆果膨大期耗水强度最大,为2.30~4.09 mm·d-1。萌芽期中度胁迫处理酿酒葡萄产量和水分利用效率最高,分别达到15 228 kg·hm-2和3.62 kg·m-3;浆果膨大期充分灌溉处理次之,而浆果膨大期重度胁迫处理最低,仅分别为7 128 kg·hm-2和2.26 kg·m-3。着色成熟期中度胁迫下,酿酒葡萄花青苷、还原糖、单宁、总酚含量比生育期正常供水处理高2.7%、6.56%、17.91%和23.23%,且有效抑制可滴定酸积累(P0.05),而其他处理与对照之间品质指标差异不显著。综合考虑产量、水分生产效率及果实品质等指标,最佳酿酒葡萄水分调控处理为着色成熟期中度胁迫,即着色成熟期土壤相对含水率为60%~65%、其余生育期土壤相对含水率为70%~75%。由此可见,在酿酒葡萄栽培时适时、适度的调亏灌溉既能显著提高水分生产效率,实现节水、高效用水的目的,又能提高果实品质,对河西走廊地区酿酒葡萄种植具有重要的意义。     

西北半干旱区秸秆带状覆盖对土壤水分及马铃薯产量的影响

为了探明玉米秸秆带状覆盖对西北半干旱区马铃薯田土壤水分及产量的影响,设置地膜覆盖(M1)、秸秆带状平覆(M2)、垄沟覆杆(M3)和传统不覆盖(CK)4个处理,通过2年田间试验,对比分析了不同覆盖方式对生长指标、土层含水率、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:3种覆盖方式较CK显著增产11.68%~21.74%,提高水分利用效率22.82%~48.63%。覆盖种植较CK单株产量提高26.02%~48.37%,株高增加3.18%~12.82%,单株生物量增加0.59%~26.49%,全生育期作物耗水量降低55.29~66.21mm,以秸秆带状平覆(M2)最好或较好。全生育期0—200cm土层平均含水率平水年黑膜大垄(M1)较CK低0.89个百分点,偏旱年较CK高1.30个百分点;秸秆带状平覆(M2)无论平水年还是偏旱年分别较M1及CK高0.20~0.89及0~1.50个百分点。其中以秸秆带状平覆(M2)在作物生长、增产及水分利用效率等方面效果较好,适宜西北半干旱地区推广。     

基于GIS和组合赋权法的石羊河流域生态环境质量评价

以石羊河流域为研究区,以2000-2012年的GIS数据和统计年鉴数据为基础,结合流域生态环境现状和影响因素构建综合评价指标,并在GIS技术的支持下,运用层次分析法和熵权法的组合赋权实现对研究区生态环境质量的综合评价.结果表明:石羊河流域生态环境质量较低,整体呈逐年下降趋势,生态环境综合评价指数从2000年的5.05下降到2012年的3.70;在流域内部生态环境综合评价指数差异很大,具体表现为金昌市金川区呈上升趋势,而其他地区有不同程度的下降.从空间分布来看,石羊河各县区按指数高低依次为:永昌县、肃南裕固族自治县、凉州区、古浪县、天祝藏族自治县、民勤县和金川区.在不同时期,各县区生态环境综合评价指数等级有所变化,但幅度不大.     

黄土高原作物生长季近地层干湿状况变化特征

深入分析黄土高原近地层作物生长季干湿变化及其分布特征,为应对气候变化、保护生态与自然环境提供依据。基于黄土高原气候要素资料,应用Penman-Monteith模型计算作物生长季湿润指数,研究近地层干湿特征。研究区域作物生长季湿润指数从东南向西北依次减小。作物生长季近地层干湿状况的异常空间分布可分为以下3个关键区：高原东北部区、高原南部区、高原西部区,除高原东北部区外,近地层年平均湿润指数均呈显著下降趋势,分别在1978年和1979年发生了由湿变干的显著突变。作物生长季近地层干湿状况的3个空间分区中,近地层年湿润指数存在显著的3~4年的周期振荡;高原南部和西部区域还存在显著的5~6年和7~8年的周期振荡。黄土高原干旱化趋势腹地最大,边缘次之。干旱化呈现出明显从腹地向四周扩散状态分布特征。     

Plant Community and Target Species Affect Responses to Restoration Strategies

Increases in Kentucky bluegrass and smooth bromegrass on northern Great Plains rangelands have the potential to negatively impact ecosystem function, lower plant diversity, and alter seasonal forage distribution, but control strategies are lacking in the region. A project was initiated on a heavily invaded 16-ha grassland that had not been grazed or hayed for at least 20 yr. Five restoration treatments and a control were initiated in 2003 on communities dominated by 1) smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), 2) Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), 3) warm-season native grasses, 4) a mix of introduced species, and 5) smooth bromegrass and Kentucky bluegrass. Restoration treatments were 1) late-April burn, 2) late-April burn followed by imazapic at 511.62 mL ai · ha^?1, 3) imazapic only at the same rate, 4) mowing, 5) mowing followed by litter removal, and 6) control. We found that treatment responses were affected by target species, community category, and year. Generally, burning followed by the herbicide imazapic reduced Kentucky bluegrass in the species composition, but smooth brome was reduced by mowing followed by raking. Burning followed by imazapic reduced live grass biomass in all community categories except the native the year following treatment, but by the third year of the study live grass biomass was maintained across all treatments. In the third year of the study, responses of Kentucky bluegrass, other invasive species, and native grasses to restoration treatment differed depending on community. The use of burning plus imazapic was promising for control of Kentucky bluegrass but its use by producers may be limited by yield reductions in early years. Our data suggest management strategies should vary depending on whether the goal is to reduce one or several invaders, specific invader identity, and community type in which the invader is growing. We also found that the most effective strategy was an adaptive management approach, one where treatments are chosen in response to changes in community composition and depending on resource conditions.     

沙漠化对土壤风蚀的影响——以青海共和盆地为例

沙漠化程度对土壤风蚀强度具有重要的影响,一个区域的沙漠化程度在一定意义上可以预示该地区的土壤风蚀程度,探讨二者之间变化关系具有重要意义。以青海共和盆地为例,对该地土壤风蚀随土地沙漠化程度的变化进行探讨,得出共和盆地强烈发展中沙漠化土地年增长率为2.7%,严重沙漠化土地增长率为1.2%。当严重沙漠化土地每增加1 km2,土壤风蚀就要随之增加0.43 t。盆地的土壤风蚀导致龙羊峡水库每年有20.82万t的沙尘落入库区,使3000万m3的流沙进入库区,造成5000多万元的经济损失。在此基础上,利用该地区自然、人文因子的变化资料,结合其沙漠化程度的变化资料分析了土壤风蚀加剧的原因,从而提出了防治对策与意见。     

Specificity of antisera raised against synthetic peptide fragments of highMrglutenin subunits.

In an attempt to detect highM_rglutenin subunits specifically by immunochemical means, antisera were produced against synthetic peptides corresponding to three N-terminal sequences and to two repetitive motifs of highM_rglutenin subunits. The three N-terminal peptides, NT1, NT2 and NT3, differed by a single substitution at the sixth position and correspond, respectively, to the N-termini off Dx subunits, Ax and Bx subunits and By and Dy subunits. The anti-peptide sera did not cross react with gliadins or with lowM_rglutenin subunits, and differed in their ability to recognise highM_rglutenin subunits. The antisera to the repetitive motifs recognised all highM_rglutenin subunits, whereas the antisera to the N-terminal peptides detected only some of the subunits. The antiserum directed against the N-terminal peptide from Dx subunits detected these subunits specifically, whereas the antiserum directed against the N-terminal peptide corresponding to y type subunits did not react with the homologous subunits although it did react with Dx or Bx subunits. Antisera were also produced against internal sequences present in the N-terminal domain specific for x and for y-type subunits, but these antisera did not react with the cognate proteins. The failure of some anti-peptide sera to recognise the homologous highM_rglutenin subunits may be due to differences in conformation between peptides and the corresponding regions in proteins.     

Modelling surface conductance of pine forest

To investigate methods of estimating the surface conductance for use in the Penman-Monteith equation, four models were evaluated. In the simplest model the surface conductance was independent of all environmental variables, whereas in the most complex model the surface conductance was a non-linear function of solar radiation, specific humidity deficit, temperature and soil moisture deficit. The 584 hours of energy budget Bowen ratio measurements of evaporation made over Thetford Forest, which were used to derive the hourly values of the surface conductance of the forest under dry canopy conditions, were split into two independent sets by taking alternate days. One set was used to determine the parameters in the four models using multivariate optimisation, while the other set was used to assess the accuracy of the estimates of surface conductance and transpiration. As the complexity of the models increased, the difference in the total transpiration decreased from 22% to less than 1%. Also, bias at low and high values of the measured surface conductance decreased. However, investigation of the success of the models for estimating the surface conductance in different years showed the results were much poorer. The parameters in the most complex model were determined using the 1976 data and the 1974 and 1975 data sets used to evaluate the accuracy of the estimates. The difference in the total transpiration was 14 and 11 per cent for the two years. Also the estimated surface conductance was too large at low values of the measured surface conductance and too small at high values.