NCEP/NCAR再分析温度·位势高度和风速场资料在上对流层/下平流层的适用性评估

利用全球169个探空站资料检验NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析全球（主要是陆地地区）上对流层互下平流层位势高度、温度以及风速场标准误差的分布特征。结果表明,再分析风速场资料标准误差分布主要受急流区的影响,在急流区与实际风场存在明显的差异;并且风速场标准误差的分布具有明显的冬夏季节差异,在海岸线附近平均偏差较大;再分析位势高度、温度场的标准误差高值区主要集中在东半球低纬地区（印度洋沿岸）,标准误差分布与其平均偏差分布基本一致,所以标准误差可以由平均偏差很好的解释;再分析温度、位势高度资料内陆地区标准误差偏低,高值区主要沿海岸线分布,风速场平均误差在海岸线附近比较大,这与探空站数据的质量地区差异及陆地观测站密集、海洋观测站较少密切相关。     

中国地区云的观测研究进展

对多年来中国各地区包括云的分布结构、云与降水的关系、云中的水汽资源和云的辐射强迫等在内的云系统的观测研究进行了综合评述,并根据不同观测手段的特点加以区分。同时,提出了该领域研究中尚待解决的一些问题,展望了未来观测研究的可能方向。     

基于涡度相关法的中国草地生态系统碳通量研究进展

草地生态系统碳循环研究是全球碳循环研究的热点,涡度相关法使草地生态系统碳通量的长期和连续观测成为可能。本研究介绍了以涡度相关法为手段的中国草地生态系统碳通量的研究进展,重点阐述了中国草地生态系统碳通量在不同时间尺度上的变化特征,同时概括了不同的环境因子对草地生态系统碳通量控制机理方面的研究成果,并在此基础上对今后中国草地生态系统碳通量研究提出了建议。     

4种当代天气现象仪自动观测分析的比较研究

对几种天气现象仪自动探测到的能见度和天气现象试验结果进行了分析,并与人工记录和自动站资料进行了对比。结果表明:①几种仪器能见度的变化趋势大致相同。能见度<10.0 km时,各仪器所测能见度数值变化均较平稳,能见度>10.0 km时,各仪器所测数值波动性较大。能见度越大,仪器测量数值与人工观测能见度误差越大。②PWS100实际判断出的天气现象种类最多,对降水天气现象的把握能力较强,小时累计降雨量与人工记录和自动站数据最为接近。凯迈天气现象仪对视程障碍现象把握能力较强,与人工记录一致性较好,并且对视程障碍强度的区分能力也较强。OWI-430仅能判断降水现象,且小时累计降雨量数值误差较大。     

两系杂交稻品种两优培九作物生长率的气候模型及分析

分析两系杂交稻品种两优培九生长速率(CGR)的气候生态特性,对于优化规划种植区域具有积极意义。通过建立大田生长期（返青-成熟）相应于7个气象参数的CGR模型,并依据1980-2002年的气候资料,计算了109个地区（包括季节）的两优培九CGR,按7个水稻种植生态条件类型归纳,平均值变化在13.83～23.44 g/d·m2。华南地区早、晚稻CGR较低,长江中下游流域一季中稻较高,黄淮稻区、四川盆地稻区和云贵高原单季稻区的CGR高达18～22 g/d·m2。综合考虑生长季节的要求和CGR的优势,两优培九的最优化种植区域宜在长江中下游流域和黄淮流域偏南地区。     

Growth,yield and water use efficiency response of greenhouse-grown hot pepper under Time-Space deficit irrigation

Greenhouse-grown hot pepper was used to investigate the effect of Time-Space deficit irrigation (TSDI), a newly developing irrigation technique based on regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) and partial rootzone drying (PRD), by measuring plant growth, yield and irrigation water use efficiency. The treatments consisted of factorial combinations of three factors, organized following an orthogonal L₉ (3)⁴ test design with four growing stages. Three irrigation strategies (conventional furrow irrigation with full-water when soil water content was lower by 80% of field capacity (F), conventional furrow irrigation with 50% of full-water (D) and alternate furrow irrigation with 50% of full-water (P)) as the main plot factor were applied to select the optimum irrigation parameter at different stages of crop development, the treatment in which irrigation water was applied to both sides of root system when soil water content was lower by 80% of field capacity during all stages was considered as control (FFFF). Water consumption showed some significant effect of irrigation treatment during the growing period of different drought stress patterns application, and therefore decreased in these treatments to a level around 54.68–70.33% of FFFF. Total dry mass was reduced by 1.17–38.66% in TSDI treatments compared to FFFF. However, the root–shoot ratio of FFFF was lower than other treatments and the differences from FFFF and other TSDI treatments were statistically significant. The highest total fresh fruit yield (19.57 T ha⁻¹) was obtained in the FFFF treatment. All deficit irrigations increased the water use efficiency of hot pepper from a minimum of 1.33% to a maximum of 54.49%. At harvest, although there was difference recorded as single fruit weight and single fruit volume were reduced under the TSDI treatments, total soluble solids concentration of fruit harvested under the water-deficit treatments were higher compared to FFFF.     

太阳辐射强度与观测角度对冬小麦冠层反射高光谱的影响

掌握冠层反射光谱二向性反射特征,对提高遥感应用精度有重要意义。该文利用地面自动遥感平台对冬小麦冠层进行了连续观测,获取了大量的多角度高光谱遥感数据,分析了多种因素对冠层反射光谱的影响,并进行了NDVI与EVI的对比分析。结果表明:冠层反射光谱对天气有响应,随着太阳辐射增加冠层反射光谱增高,晴天变化更明显;观测角度的改变导致冠层反射光谱的差异,可用"热点效应"加"镜面反射"解释;与上述条件相适应,NDVI与EVI也表现出与冠层反射光谱相似变化;受红光和近红外波段的变化影响,NDVI与EVI之间的变化趋势较一致,两者相关系数R20.72,且P0.01,呈极显著相关。该研究结果可为遥感观测角度的选择设计和植被指数的应用提供理论参考。     

江苏省褐飞虱迁入量的中长期预测模型

根据1983-2010年江苏省褐飞虱灯诱资料及1982-2010年全球海温场资料和美国国家环境预测中心（NCEP）气象再分析资料,对江苏稻区代表站高邮、通州和宜兴的褐飞虱迁入量与前一年1月-当年6月太平洋海温场、前一年12月-当年6月中南半岛近地表气温场和前一年7月-当年6月北半球大气环流特征量的相关关系进行分析,并运用逐步回归方法建立一系列褐飞虱年总迁入量的预测预报方程。结果表明：（1）高邮、通州和宜兴3站的褐飞虱迁入量在不同时空阈限内与太平洋海温场、中南半岛气温场和北半球大气环流特征量之间存在不同程度的相关性。3站褐飞虱迁入量的对数值与前一年海温场呈负相关,其中与通州和宜兴站褐飞虱迁入量对数值相关显著的海温区主要分布在北、中太平洋,高邮站则在南太平洋;高邮站褐飞虱迁入量的对数值与前一年12月和当年4月中南半岛西南部的近地表气温场呈正相关,通州站与前一年12月和当年2、3月中南半岛北部的近地表气温场呈负相关,宜兴站与当年1、3月中南半岛西南部的近地表气温场呈正相关、与当年4月中南半岛大部的近地表气温场呈负相关;3站褐飞虱迁入量的对数值主要与前一年7月-当年6月的各副高指数、各极涡指数、大西洋欧洲环流型、亚洲纬向环流指数、东亚槽强度、冷空气强度、西太平洋编号台风强度、南方涛动指数等相关显著。（2）从上述海温场、气温场和环流特征量中筛选出显著相关（P<0.05）的因子作为预测因子,建立褐飞虱年迁入量的预测模型,并筛选出回检正确率70%以上、预检正确率66.7%以上模型17个,适用性评估表明,各模型的预报结果与实测值基本吻合,表明模型可应用于单站褐飞虱年迁入量的预测。     

万荣县麦田土壤干旱研究

万荣县气象局1964-2008年0～100 cm各旬旱地麦田土壤湿度资料分析表明,小麦生育期的耕作层土壤相对湿度有下降趋势,特别是拔节抽穗期土壤相对湿度下降4.9％ ·10a-1,作物旱情指标Kd和作物水分亏缺率G也显示拔节抽穗期干旱化明显.另外,冬前和越冬期分蘖数增大.土壤干旱的综合原因是降水量(特别是夏季)减少、冬前和越冬期作物系数增大和四月日照不显著增多引起的参考作物蒸散增加.拔节抽穗期有明显的干旱化趋势.     

Effect of different rates of composted organic amendment on urban soil properties,growth and nutrient status of three Mediterranean native hedge species

Increasing green space, especially in densely built-up areas is considered to be a valuable climate change adaptation response in order to reduce the threat of high temperatures to human health and comfort and to controlled global greenhouse gas emissions. Practical responses to climate change, under urban conditions, in order to avoid or reduce trees and shrubs vulnerability, can be considered drought resistant planting approaches, as the addition of organic amendeds to soil. The improvement of physical–chemical soil quality is a key step for carrying out xeriscaping programs of urban green spaces in Mediterranean semiarid areas. Organic amendments, particularly compost, have been receiving a renewed attention not only in horticulture but also in the context of restoring disturbed urban soils to address environmental issues as well as to improve trees and shrubs growth. The influence of increasing rates (0, 15, 30, and 45%) of composted sewage sludge (SSC) placed in the plantation hole on both urban soil properties and growth for three native Mediterranean woody hedge species was monitored over a 2-year period after planting. The experiment was supported by a xerogardening project in an urban context under semi-arid conditions. The results indicate that the urban soil physical characteristics were positively influenced by the addition of SSC: the 45% rate showed an increase in both moisture and infiltration values, thereby increasing the volume of plant-available water in the soil. The chemical properties of the amended soils were also directly affected by the SSC rate, but the effect of the compost on organic matter, nitrogen and potassium contents decreased over time. Our results prove that the hedge growth response to the compost treatments is also highly dependent on the rate of compost used. At the end of the trial, in Rhamnus and Myrthus plants 30% compost level guarantees the best performance; in fact, the further addition of 15% of compost led to a significant decrease in hedge and diameter values, in particular in Myrtle. This could be explained by the high pH at 45% compost, which would seem not to suit the physiology of the two species. On the other hand, in Phillyrea plants, the rate of 45% compost gives high performance equal to that of 30%; it would therefore seem that the high pH at 45% compost does not influence the nutritive elements’ absorption and, as a consequence, the growth. The use of composted sludge as an amendment for sclerophyllous could be feasible and, what is more, helpful to mitigate the environmental impact of organic waste disposal. Moreover more natural vegetation can be introduced into urban parks and green spaces in semi-arid environments to encourage sustainable landscaping and xerogardening.