黄土坡面细沟径流输沙对水动力学参数的响应

细沟径流输沙是细沟侵蚀产沙的重要过程,阐明细沟径流输沙与水动力学参数之间的关系可以有效地揭示细沟径流输沙的动力学机制,并为建立细沟侵蚀过程物理模型奠定基础。采用具有定流量人工放水的组合小区模拟降雨试验,研究黄土坡面细沟径流输沙对水动力学参数的响应关系。结果表明:1)一次降雨径流产生的细沟输沙模数对水动力学参数平均值响应关系大小顺序为平均水流断面单位能量(R=0.99)>平均水流功率(R=0.88)>平均水流切应力(R=0.82)>平均单位水流功率(R=0.76);2)降雨径流过程中,细沟输沙率对水动力学参数瞬时值响应关系为水流切应力(R=0.88)>水流功率(R=0.47),水流断面单位能量和单位水流功率的相关性较差,细沟输沙率对水流切应力的响应关系呈幂函数方程关系。     

自动基流分割法在黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区典型流域适用性分析

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区生态环境脆弱,河川基流量的多少及其变化对维持该区生态系统健康具有重要意义.利用黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区窟野河流域多年实测径流资料,研究国内外常用的滑动最小值法、HYSEP法和数字滤波法3类共8种自动基流分割方法在该研究区的适用性.结果表明:1)8种方法所得年均基流指数差异较.大,最大为0.651 5...     

长期定位施肥对旱地黑垆土钾素空间分布及有效性影响

对黄土高原长期定位施肥24年后土壤钾素的空间分布及其有效性进行研究。结果表明：不同施肥处理0-20cm土层各形态钾素含量均高于20-40cm的,施用化肥处理的非特殊吸附性钾除外,且60cm以下随土层深度不断加深,不同形态的钾素含量呈逐渐降低的趋势。长期施用化肥0-300cm土层中各形态钾素含量均表现出明显低于CK的趋势;长期施用有机肥或有机肥与化肥配施明显增加了各形态钾素含量,说明施用有机肥能维持黑垆土速效钾的平衡,缓解非交换性钾的下降趋势。相关分析表明,土壤速效钾与土壤中水溶性钾之间呈极显著相关,与非特殊吸附性钾呈显著相关,与特殊吸附性钾和非交换性钾无相关性。长期施肥可提高小麦植株的钾素吸收量,茎含钾量丰富,占总植株的36.67%,籽粒钾含量仅占植株钾总量的9.74%。     

不同氧化度六方水钠锰矿的结构研究

通过反复试验法(trial-and-error)粉末X射线衍射(XRD)结构模拟和X射线吸收光谱(XAS)研究了不同锰平均氧化度(manganese average oxidation state,Mn AOS)六方水钠锰矿的结构变化特点.合成的系列六方水钠锰矿中(样品HB1到HB6),Mn AOS由3.92减小为3.67,晶胞参数b由2.838 (A)增加至2.848 (A).在a-b平面上的紧密堆叠尺寸(CSD)由12.0 nm减小至7.0 nm,沿c轴堆叠的锰氧八面体层数约为10.6～13.4层.随着Mn AOS逐渐降低,样品中八面体空位含量由18％减小至8％.Mn AOS与空位含量呈极显著正相关,它们与晶胞参数b呈负相关.X射线吸收近边结构光谱(XANES)线性拟合表明,样品中Mn主要以+4价存在,随着空位含量的减少,低价锰(Mn2+/3+)含量逐渐增多.扩展X射线吸收精细结构光谱(EXAFS)全多重散射模型拟合分析表明,不同氧化度六方水钠锰矿样品的晶体结构和Mn局域配位环境基本相同.由于空位含量和颗粒尺寸减小,从HB1到HB6的表观锰位点占有率(focc)由0.74减小至0.66.随着Mn AOS逐渐降低,Mn-Mn(O)配位壳平均键长增加.     

The causes of soil alkalinization in the Songnen Plain of Northeast China

The causes of soil alkalinization in the Songnen Plain of Northeast China were mainly analyzed from two aspects, natural and anthropogenic. Natural factors of alkalinization are parent materials, topographic positions, freeze-thaw action, wind conveyance, water properties and semi-arid/sub-humid climate. Some of them were always being neglected, such as freeze-thaw action and wind conveyance. Anthropogenic causes are mainly population pressure, overgrazing and improper agricultural and economic policies. In recent decades, overgrazing played a main role in secondary soil alkalinization, which led to the decline of Leymus chinensis grasslands. Now, the alkalinization is very severe, and more than 3.2 × 10⁶ ha area has been affected by salt, which becomes one of the three largest sodic–saline areas in the world.     

Soil desiccation for Loess soils on natural and regrown areas

In the Loess Plateau, soil desiccation has become a serious problem for forest and grass vegetation. Soil desiccation leads to the formation of a dried soil layer (DSL). This paper presents the results of research carried out in the central part of the Loess Plateau. The objective of the research was to produce a statistically supported set of indicators for evaluating soil desiccation of forestlands, to present a heuristic idea for soil desiccation and to supply scientific support for replacing farmland with forest or grass in the Loess Plateau and other regions of China. Here, we suggest that more attention should be paid to soil desiccation and its effects on the ecosystem of the region in the future. The results showed that natural Quercus liaotungensis forestlands (NQF) retained more water content than regrown Robinnia pseudoscacia forestlands (RRF). Significant DSLs were formed in the RRF but not in the NQF. A possible reason for no formation of DSL in NQF could be due to the presence of an arbor–shrub–herb stand structure and large humus and litter accumulation, which increased the natural forest's (NF) adaptability to the environmental conditions. Soil water content in the north-facing slope was significantly larger than in the south-facing slope. DSLs formed in the 0–500 cm layer of the south-facing slope. When slope gradient was greater than 25°, soil water content deceased sharply and showed significant difference compared with 9°, 15° and 20° (P < 0.05). So, we conclude that plant species, aspect and slope angle could be the predicators for the formation of DSLs. The analysis on soil physical properties of 0–60 cm layer indicated that plant species, aspect and slope angle also have significant effects on bulk density, porosity, plant-available capacity, and hydraulic conductivity, especially in the 0–20 and 20–40 cm layers. In the NQF and RRF with north-facing slope, soil physical properties were improved.     

砒砂岩区典型淤地坝沉积泥沙特征及来源分析

黄土高原地区的淤地坝是拦减入黄泥沙的关键措施,尤以对泥沙具有绝对控制的"闷葫芦"淤地坝为甚。为研究淤地坝对侵蚀泥沙的拦蓄作用,以砒砂岩区皇甫川流域园子沟淤地坝为研究对象,采集坝地淤积剖面及沟间地、沟谷地表层样品,对沉积旋回进行断代分析,计算泥沙贡献率,反演其淤积过程。结果表明:坝地沉积泥沙粒径分布以2~0.05 mm砂粒为主,其次为粉粒、黏粒,砂粒中以极细砂和细砂占比最多。园子沟坝控流域内侵蚀性降雨事件对应的最小日降雨量为22.8 mm;淤地坝运行可划分为2个阶段,前期主要依靠坝体拦蓄泥沙,后期随着拦蓄泥沙的增多,减蚀作用凸显。坝地沉积泥沙主要来源为沟谷地,贡献率达71.4%,沟间地为28.6%,其中沟间地侵蚀产沙并非受植被唯一影响,在降雨量>45.4 mm时,地形因素会限制侵蚀的加剧。     

CO2 uptake by a soil microcosm

Sequestration of CO₂ via biological sinks is a matter of great scientific importance due to the potential lowering of atmospheric CO₂. In this study, a custom built incubation chamber was used to cultivate a soil microbial community to instigate chemoautotrophy of a temperate soil. Real-time atmospheric CO₂ concentrations were monitored and estimations of total CO₂ uptake were made. After careful background flux corrections, 4.52 ± 0.05 g CO₂ kg⁻¹ dry soil was sequestered from the chamber atmosphere over 40 h. Using isotopically labelled ¹³CO₂ and GCMS–IRMS, labelled fatty acids were identified after only a short incubation, hence confirming CO₂ sequestration for soil. The results of this in vivo study provide the ground work for future studies intending to mimic the in situ environment by providing a reliable method for investigating CO₂ uptake by soil microorganisms.     

Rainfall concentration for increasing corn production under semiarid climate

The ridge and furrow farming of rainfall concentration (RC) system is being promoted to increase water availability to crops for improving and stabilizing agricultural production in the semiarid Loess region of northwest China. In the system, plastic-covered ridges serve as rainfall harvesting zones and furrows serve as planting zones. In recent years, however, the current RC practices are still confined to rural family units for very limited supplemental irrigation purposes. To adopt this system for large-scale use in the semiarid region and bring it into full play, it is necessary to test the befitting rainfall range for RC farming. A field study (using corn as an indicator crop) combined with rainfall simulation was designed to determine the effects of RC practices on soil water content, crop yield and water use efficiency (WUE) under three rainfall levels (230 mm, 340 mm and 440 mm) during the growing seasons of 2006 and 2007. The results indicated that with the rainfalls ranging within 230-440 mm, RC system can increase soil water content in 0-100 cm and temperature conditions in the topsoil (0-10 cm) in furrows by 5-12% and 0.7-1 °C, respectively. The corn seedlings emerged 1-2 days earlier, the developmental stages generally occurred earlier, and the plant height and total dry matter all significantly increased (P < 0.05). In 2006, compared to conventional flat (CF) practice, the grain yield and WUE in the RC system increased by 75.4% and 73.3%, respectively at 230 mm rainfall, and by 36.7% and 40.2%, respectively at 340 mm rainfall, but there was no significant difference between the RC₄₄₀ and CF₄₄₀ patterns. In 2007, the grain yield and WUE were 82.8% and 77.4%, respectively higher in the RC₂₃₀ plots than in the CF₂₃₀ plots, 43.4% and 43.1%, respectively higher in the RC₃₄₀ plots than in the CF₃₄₀ plots, and 11.2% and 9.5%, respectively higher in the RC₄₄₀ plots than in the CF₄₄₀ plots. Combining yield and WUE, it could be concluded that the optimal rainfall upper limit for RC system is below 440 mm rainfall in the experiment. In the case of corn, the adoption of RC practice in the 230-440-mm rainfall area will make the system more attractive during the whole growth period and offer a sound opportunity for sustainable farming under semiarid climate.     

西安市水土流失空间分布特征与管控空间划分

城镇规模的快速发展是引发城市水土流失的关键因素。以西安市为研究区域,计算了各区县土壤侵蚀面积并进行了强度等级划分,分析了水土流失在空间上的分布特征并进行预测,识别出需要重点监管的区域。结果表明:西安市年均土壤侵蚀量为278.49万t,年均土壤侵蚀模数为176.74 t/(km^2·a),微度侵蚀和轻度侵蚀占总侵蚀面积的99.76%,中度侵蚀以上面积仅占0.24%;未来情景下西安市各区域土壤侵蚀模数主要分布在0~200 t/(km^2·a),其中建成区和发展区土壤侵蚀面积分别为65.37,302.19 km^2;水土流失空间管控与重点区域主要分布在高陵区、鄠邑区、长安区和临潼区等地区。随着城市建设与发展的完善,西安市重点管控区的面积也在发生变化。