不同降雨强度下黄土区冻土坡面产流产沙过程及水沙关系

为了明确降雨对冻土坡面侵蚀的作用机理,探讨冻土和未冻土在不同水力条件下侵蚀之间的差异。通过室内模拟降雨试验,采用3种降雨强度(0.6,0.9,1.2 mm/min)对比定量研究冻土坡面和未冻土坡面产流产沙过程及水沙关系。结果表明:在0.9、1.2 mm/min雨强下,冻土坡面的产流时间相对对照坡面提前了18.7,6.4 min。冻土坡面径流量、侵蚀量均远大于对照坡面,在0.9,1.2 mm/min雨强下径流量分别是对照坡面的1.16,1.19倍,侵蚀量分别是对照坡面的10.40,6.40倍。随着降雨进行,坡面产生不同程度的细沟,其中,冻土坡面相比对照坡面细沟出现时间分别缩短了18 min,22 min,且冻土坡面细沟侵蚀量占总侵蚀量的79%～92%,此比例大于同雨强下的对照坡面。两种坡面的累计径流量与累计产沙量之间满足y=kx+b的线性关系,在细沟间侵蚀阶段,冻土坡面的k值是对照坡面的8.48～9.02倍,而在细沟侵蚀阶段,则为对照的3.68～7.50倍。研究结果表明细沟侵蚀是冻土坡面土壤侵蚀率增大的主要原因,而冻结层的阻水作用是导致坡面上细沟出现时间提前的最重要因素。该研究可以为完善土壤侵蚀机理研究提供一定的参考价值。     

新疆包头湖灌区农田土壤水盐热特性空间变异特征

土壤作为高度变异体,其大尺度下的土壤水盐热分布特征具有空间变异性。为了探究大尺度下的土壤水、盐、热的空间分布特征及空间变异性,以新疆包头湖区域为例,采用经典统计学和地统计学相结合的方法,对土壤水盐热参数的空间分布特征进行分析。结果表明:土壤含水率、导热率及热容量均属于中等偏弱变异程度,土壤含盐量为强变异程度;土壤含水率、含盐量、导热率的半方差函数均可用高斯模型进行拟合,热容量的半方差函数可用指数函数进行拟合;含水率、含盐量、导热率、热容量同一深度各自变量之间均具有较强的空间依赖性,随机因素占总变异程度较低,最大相关距离在2 600~3 900 m。该研究为当地农业灌溉及精细农业的生产提供一定参考。     

模拟降雨条件下纳米碳对黄土坡面养分流失的影响

基于野外人工模拟降雨试验,初步研究了90mm/h的降雨强度下,条施不同纳米碳含量(质量含量分别为0,0.01,0.05,0.07,0.10kg/kg)对黄土坡面水分及养分流失调控的影响。结果表明:(1)纳米碳含量对降雨入渗过程及坡面产流量有显著影响,随着纳米碳含量的增大,平均入渗率呈增大趋势,而径流量呈减小趋势。(2)与对照相比较,纳米碳的存在可显著缓解土壤侵蚀。纳米碳的质量比为0.01,0.05,0.07,0.10kg/kg的小区可分别降低坡面径流量40%,41%,68%和74%,降低坡面产沙量为27%,50%,68%和79%。(3)条施纳米碳可以有效保持黄土坡面土壤养分含量。与对照组相比较,纳米碳的质量比为0.01,0.05,0.07,0.10kg/kg的小区分别降低径流氮的流失量为47%,52%,74%和79%,降低泥沙氮的流失量为10%,60%,74%,87%;分别降低径流磷的流失量为63%,63%,88%和86%,降低泥沙磷的流失量为29%,56%,86%,83%;分别降低径流钾的流失量为43%,46%,81%和83%,降低泥沙钾的流失量为25%,62%,78%,87%。     

短坡坡长变化对坡地风沙土产流产沙及氮磷流失的影响

通过野外水流冲刷试验,对比分析了不同坡长条件下坡面产流产沙及氮磷流失特征。结果表明,上方来水流量一定时,坡长越长,其坡面入渗量越大,径流量越小,且存在一个临界坡长,使得径流量和入渗量相当,累计径流量与坡长是负线性关系。随着坡长增加,产沙量增大,单位坡长的泥沙流失量在各坡长条件下差异并不显著(P0.05)。累计泥沙量随着坡长增大而增大;幂函数比指数函数能更好的描述硝态氮和水溶性磷浓度变化过程;泥沙中硝态氮和有效磷的含量整体上随时间呈减小趋势。坡长越长,其养分富集率越大;随着坡长增大,存在一个临界坡长使得养分流失总量最大;土壤剖面硝态氮含量分布随着深度增大呈现出峰值特征,但是峰值存在的深度不同。土壤剖面有效磷主要积聚表层5cm以上,5cm以下有效磷含量极低。研究结果对进一步分析坡长对水土养分流失的影响具有参考价值。     

Soil properties following cultivation and non-grazing of a semi-arid sandy grassland in northern China

Cultivation and overgrazing are widely recognized as the primary causes of desertification of sandy grassland in the semi-arid region of northern China. Very little is known about the effect of cultivation and overgrazing on soil physical, chemical and biological properties in this region. The objective of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the magnitude of changes in soil properties due to 3 years of cultivation (3CGS) and 5 years of ungrazed exclosure (5RGS) in a degraded grassland ecosystem of the semi-arid Horqin sandy steppe. Short-term cultivation resulted in a 18–38% reduction in concentration of soil organic C, and total N and P in the 0–15 cm plow layer. Cultivation had a significant influence on N and P availability and soil biological properties, with lower basal soil respiration (BSR) and enzyme activities than the grassland soils. This was mostly due to strong wind erosion when sandy grassland was cultivated. Data indicated a considerable difference in soil particle size distribution between the cultivated and grassland soils, and fine fraction (<0.1 mm) in the cultivated soil was lower than that in the grassland soils. Moreover, grassland vegetation recovery in the 5RGS resulted in significant improvement in soil properties measured at the 0–7.5 cm depth. From the perspective of soil resource management and environmental conservation, a viable option for these sandy grasslands would be to stop conversion of grassland to cropland and adopt proper fencing practices to limit overgrazing.     

Dielectric coated water content reflectometer for improved monitoring of near surface soil moisture in heavily fertilized paddy field

Mat rush (Juncus effusus L.), used for ‘Tatami’ (a traditional Japanese mat), is a type of crop requiring a large amount of fertilizer (450–600 kg ha⁻¹ of N). In a heavily fertilized mat rush paddy field we examined the monitoring of soil water content (θ) by using the water content reflectometer (WCR). WCR sensors with and without coating rods were prepared and tested for their performance in different solutions. In addition, these sensors for Gley Lowland Soils were also calibrated for measuring θ. The results showed that the measured water content using the uncoated WCR, increasing with the EC of the solution, was 1.6 times of that for distilled water while the output for the coated WCR became 1.04 times. The coating prevents conduction losses while it influences the sensitivity of the WCR sensor. The monitoring of θ using both coated and uncoated WCR sensors in a mat rush paddy field was conducted throughout a cropping season. For the coated sensors, water content could be determined accurately even after fertilizer applications, while with the uncoated sensors it was overestimated. Thus, it was concluded that the use of insulated WCR sensors make it possible to accurately monitor the near surface soil moisture in a heavily fertilized paddy field.     

黄河水源区首曲湿地草地生态系统服务价值初步估算

黄河水源区首曲湿地保护区的草地生态系统不仅是当地经济社会可持续发展的资源保障,也是黄河上游地区天然的生态屏障。参照国内外草地生态系统服务价值的评估方法,对玛曲草地生态系统的服务价值做了初步估算,以便为草地资源的合理开发、利用及管理提供科学的参考依据。研究结果表明:首曲湿地保护区的草地生态系统服务价值为55.76~71.54亿元/a,是所在地玛曲县生产总值的15~19倍,单位国民生产总值(GDP)的环境成本均高于全国和全球水平。高额的环境成本,是造成该保护区草地大面积退化的主导因素。因此欲从根本上解决草地退化问题,必须转变草地粗放经营模式,实施高效集约化畜牧业生产模式和草地资源管理模式。     

雨水叠加利用对干旱牧区牧草生长的影响

为了研究干旱牧区利用雨水灌溉青贮玉米的可行性,在不同的坡度上布置产流区向下方汇水,形成雨水叠加以增加下方土壤储蓄的雨水,从而增加常量提高雨水利用效率。研究结果表明,5°坡面和12°坡面径流区的集水效率分别为82.5%和87.3%;12°坡面上青贮玉米的长势、产量和水利用效率较5°坡面的高,12°坡面和5°坡面上的青贮玉米的平均株高为71.8和34.1cm,平均产量为18.6和0.63t/hm2,水利用效率分别为126.41和44.23kg/(hm2.mm)。研究结果可为在干旱牧区利用雨水叠加措施种植青贮玉米提供理论参考。     

长期施用化肥条件下土团聚体中有机碳与养分分布

[目的]探究长期施肥与小麦—玉米轮作下(蝼)土表层水稳性团聚体组成及对团聚体中有机碳和养分分布的影响,为评价长期施肥对改善(蝼)土肥力状况的影响提供科学依据.[方法]利用田间长期施用化肥与轮作定位试验,通过湿筛法分离土壤水稳性团聚体,得到土壤团聚体构成,并测定不同粒径团聚体中有机碳和养分的含量.[结果]结果表明长期施用化肥显著影响土壤水稳性团聚体含量,长期施肥降低了＞2 mm的水稳性团聚体数量,增加了＜1 mm的水稳性团聚体含量.施肥在一定程度上提高了水稳性团聚体有机碳的含量,但施用高量氮、磷下0.25～0.5 mm和＜0.25 mm水稳性团聚体中有机碳含量明显低于施用低量氮、磷肥料.不同施肥处理土壤水稳性团聚体全氮含量变化趋势与水稳性团聚体有机碳含量基本一致.磷素在不施肥处理各粒径团聚体中均匀分布,低氮、磷处理各粒径团聚体中全磷含量差异较小,高氮、磷处理各粒径土壤团聚体中全磷含量变化无明显趋势.长期施肥降低了＞2 mm水稳性团聚体中全K含量,增加了＜2 mm的水稳性团聚体中全K含量.[结论]水稳性团聚体关系土壤有机碳、氮的数量,水稳性团聚体及其中有机碳、氮含量在氮磷化肥的长期施用下变化无明显规律,并且,长期施用氮、磷化肥下土壤磷素和钾素在土壤中的保存及供应能力也受到影响.因此,需要合理施肥管理,促进农田生产力的可持续发展.     

黄土丘陵区不同土地利用下土壤碳组分及碳库管理指数特征

采用野外和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了黄土丘陵区基于坡耕地改造或演变的7种土地利用方式的土壤碳组分及碳库各指数的变化。结果表明:与坡耕地相比,其余土地利用方式均能提高土壤碳固持能力,增加土壤碳组分含量、土壤碳库指数(CPI)和碳库管理指数(CPMI),其中有机碳(TOC)、活性有机碳(LOC)及非活性有机碳(NLOC)含量分别较坡耕地增加了42%~125%,36%~136%和31%~161%,总的来说天然灌木林和人工乔木林的改善作用最强。不同土地利用方式下LOC/TOC为46.00%~57.29%,活度(A)为0.87~1.44,其中果园、天然灌木林和梯田的活度最高。土壤碳组分、碳库管理指数和主要化学指标间具有显著的相关性,表明不同土地利用方式对土壤碳固持能力的影响。