FACE条件下冬小麦的光合适应

利用开放式CO2浓度升高（Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment）系统平台,于冬小麦开花期、乳熟期对旗叶进行气体交换测量,根据光合模型计算光合参数,研究550μL·L^-1CO2对冬小麦旗叶光合能力的影响。结果表明,无论是在冬小麦开花期还是乳熟期,FACE圈内的小麦叶片在短时间高CO2浓度下初始出现的光合速率增强逐渐减弱或消失,即FACE圈内的小麦叶片表现出对高CO2浓度的光合适应现象。低氮、常规施氮水平下均发现了小麦旗叶的光合适应现象,但是光合适应现象与施氮量没有显著的线性关系。另外,研究发现,FACE系统中,冬小麦旗叶的SPAD值和叶绿素含量降低,这可能是导致FACE系统中小麦叶片出现光合适应现象的原因。     

Localized application of sewage sludge improved plant nitrogen and phosphorus uptake by rhizobox‐grown spring wheat

Sewage sludge (SS) can be used as an alternative fertilizer in agriculture. It is normally broadcasted and plowed into soil, but it is not clear if it has a potential as a placement fertilizer. A rhizobox experiment was conducted to investigate the placement effect of SS and mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizer on shoot and root growth as well as nutrient uptake of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The treatments included localized SS, mixed SS, localized SS and ammonium, localized ammonium, and a control without addition of SS and ammonium to examine the effect of SS placement and, further, if ammonium co‐localization would enhance the placement effect. The results show that SS fertilization improved soil N and P availability, which significantly increased plant N and P uptake and enhanced shoot growth, while root length was significantly reduced compared to the control. Localized SS increased root proliferation in the placement region, resulting in enhanced uptake of P from the SS patch compared to homogenous application. However, co‐localized application of ammonium with SS significantly depressed plant shoot and root growth. Localized ammonium markedly restricted root proliferation in the placement region and reduced soil pH in both bulk soil and placement region, contributing to decreased nutrient uptake and plant growth.     

Nitrogen fertilisation of irrigated maize under Mediterranean conditions

Nitrogen fertilisation of maize (Zea mays L.) has become an important economic and environmental issue, especially in high-yielding irrigated Mediterranean areas. Producers have traditionally applied more N fertiliser than required and, as a result, some environmental problems have appeared in recent decades. A 4-year study (2002–2005) was conducted and six N rates (0, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 kg N ha^?1 year^?1) were compared. Before planting 50 kg N ha^?1 were applied. The rest of the N was applied in two sidedresses, the first at V3–V4 developing stage and the second at V5–V6. Yield, biomass, grain N uptake, plant N uptake and SPAD-units were greatly influenced by both N fertilisation rate and soil NO₃^?-N content before planting and fertilising [Nini (0–90 cm)]. At the beginning of the experiment, Nini was very high (290 kg NO₃^?-N ha^?1) and there was therefore no yield response to N fertilisation in 2002. In 2003, 2004 and 2005, maximum grain yields were achieved with 96, 153 and 159 kg N ha^?1, respectively. Results showed that N fertilisation recommendations based only on plant N uptake were not correct and that Nini should always be taken into account. On the other hand, the minimum amount of N available for the crop [N applied with fertilisation plus Nini (0–90 cm)] necessary to achieve maximum grain yields was 258 kg N ha^?1. This value was similar to plant N uptake, suggesting that available N was able to predict N maize requirements and could be an interesting tool for improving maize N fertilisation.     

华北集约农区马铃薯地膜覆盖安全期的探讨

作物地膜覆盖安全期指某一作物在某一区域要求地膜覆盖的最佳天数,也就是地膜覆盖农田土面能保持膜面完整的日数,在此日数之前地膜应该保持基本完整,维持增温保墒等功能,此日数之后,这些功能基本消失。华北集约农区水分条件基本能满足马铃薯生长的需求,因此,生产中主要根据该区域自然条件和作物对温度需求的特点适期揭膜。为确定华北集约农区马铃薯种植的最佳揭膜时间,在青岛市以露地种植为对照（T1）,分别设置了播种后覆膜30d（T2）、60d（T3）、75d（T4）、90d（T5）4个中途揭膜和全生育期覆膜不揭（T6）共6个处理,观测田间10cm土层土壤温度以及马铃薯生育期、出苗率及产量等指标。结果发现：与露地（T1）相比,地膜覆盖（T2、T3、T4、T5和T6）可以促使研究区马铃薯提前5d出苗,且出苗率得到提高;全生育期覆膜（T6）通过提高地温从而促进马铃薯的生长发育,在马铃薯播种-出苗期,全生育期覆膜（T6）处理较露地（T1）10cm土层土壤日平均温度提高1.1℃,10cm土层地积温增加66.1℃·d。不同揭膜时间的试验结果显示,在播种后60d揭膜处理中,马铃薯田10cm土层的地积温较高,为1795.6℃·d。此外,在马铃薯播种60d内地膜覆盖可以显著提高马铃薯田10cm土层地温日较差,播种60d后揭膜对10cm土层地温日较差影响不大。研究结果显示马铃薯产量与地膜覆盖和揭膜时间密切相关,对照露地种植（T1）产量最低,为40.3thm⁻²;60d揭膜（T3）最高,为45.7thm⁻²,较露地种植（T1）增产13.4%;75d揭膜（T4）较高,较露地种植（T1）增产10.4%。综合看,在该地区马铃薯生产中覆膜后60～75d进行揭膜最合适,即该地区马铃薯地膜覆盖安全期为60～75d。     

猪粪中铜、锌与等量水溶性盐对两种叶类蔬菜的植物有效性比较

选取潮棕壤、红壤和灌漠土为试验用土,采用盆栽试验研究了猪粪中重金属Cu、Zn对空心菜和小白菜的植物有效性,并与添加等量Cu、Zn水溶性盐的植物有效性进行了比较。结果表明:当猪粪施用量为50 g·kg~(-1)时,空心菜地上部Cu、Zn含量均低于等量水溶性重金属盐的处理。猪粪中Cu、Zn在潮棕壤、红壤和灌漠土上种植的空心菜的植物有效系数分别为48.95%、89.77%、67.81%和22.40%、10.1%、54.24%,在第二季作物小白菜上的植物有效系数较空心菜均有较大幅度的提高,分别为91.38%、135.97%、128.32%和59.06%、15.23%、99.94%。当猪粪施用量为100 g·kg~(-1)时,三种土壤上空心菜和小白菜地上部Cu含量均高于等量水溶性Cu盐处理。猪粪中Cu的植物有效系数均大于100%,而Zn有效性系数除个别处理外,均低于100%。猪粪中Cu、Zn有效性系数总体呈现随施用量增加、施用时间延长而显著升高的趋势。此外,猪粪中Cu、Zn的植物有效系数在三种供试土壤之间亦有明显差异,猪粪中Cu有效系数为红壤灌漠土潮棕壤,Zn有效系数则为潮棕壤灌漠土红壤。综上,施用猪粪增加了空心菜和小白菜地上部Cu、Zn的含量。     

长期施肥对水稻土不同功能有机质库碳氮分布的影响

土壤有机质(SOM)对于维持农业生产力、提高土壤质量和增加土壤固碳均具有非常重要的意义。以红壤水稻土35年的长期定位试验为依托,借助近期发展的物理―化学联合分组方法,探讨了长期施肥对水稻土不同功能SOM库含量、SOM库碳氮含量变化和分配比例的影响。结果表明,长期施肥尤其是有机无机配施处理显著增加了未保护游离SOM库(c POM和f POM)和纯物理保护SOM库(i POM)在土壤中的含量以及它们的土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)含量。未保护游离SOM库的SOC和TN含量占总有机碳和全氮比例在有机无机配施处理下最高,分别达35.9%和33%。与CK相比,有机无机配施使生物化学保护库非水解游离粉粒组(NH-d Slit)和非水解游离黏粒组(NH-d Clay)含量分别降低了15%和9.5%(p0.05)。物理―化学保护SOM库、物理―生物化学保护SOM库以及化学保护SOM库含量受长期施肥影响不显著。综上,研究表明土壤不同功能SOM库对长期施肥的响应不同。有机无机配施是提升红壤水稻土SOM数量和质量的最佳培肥措施。     

Genotypic differences in growth,yield and nutrient accumulation of spring wheat cultivars in response to long-term soil fertility regimes

Determining genotypic responses to soil fertility may assist selection of cultivars that can be adapted to varied soil fertility regimes, and such selection under field conditions is still limited. A two-year field experiment was conducted in long-term field trials to investigate wheat genotype effects on early growth, yield and nutrient accumulation as affected by varied long-term soil fertility managements and nitrogen (N) fertilization. Results show that the early growth, grain yield and nutrient accumulation of spring wheat plants were strongly affected by soil fertility managements and genotypes. Early shoot and root biomass of singly grown plants and leaf canopy growth under standard growth density was associated with subsequent grain yield of plants under standard growth density across the gradient in soil fertility levels. Taifun and Thasos had stable higher yield and N and phosphorus (P) uptake across varied soil fertility regimes compared with other genotypes. Økilde, however, increased yield by 8–34% and N and P accumulation by 1–22% only when grown in the high organic manure treatment compared with other genotypes, indicating that it is more adapted to high organic fertility regimes. Therefore, the different responses and adaptations of genotypes to soil fertility regimes should be included during selection of cultivars.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi reduce ammonia emissions under different land-use types in agro-pastoral areas

Ammonia (NH₃) emissions, the most important nitrogen (N) loss form, always induce a series of environmental problems such as increased frequency of regional haze pollution, accelerated N deposition, and N eutrophication. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi play key roles in N cycling. However, it is still unclear whether AM fungi can alleviate N losses by reducing NH₃ emissions. The potential mechanisms by which AM fungi reduce NH₃ emissions in five land-use types (grazed grassland, mowed grassland, fenced grassland, artificial alfalfa grassland, and cropland) were explored in this study. Results showed that AM fungal inoculation significantly reduced NH₃ emissions, and the mycorrhizal responses of NH₃ emissions were determined by land-use type. Structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that AM fungi and land-use type directly affected NH₃ emissions. In addition, the reduction in NH₃ emissions was largely driven by the decline in soil NH⁺₄-N and pH and the increases in abundances of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) amoA and bacteria (AOB) amoB genes, urease activity, and plant N uptake induced by AM fungal inoculation and land-use type. The present results highlight that reducing the negative influence of agricultural intensification caused by land-use type changes on AM fungi should be considered to reduce N losses in agriculture and grassland ecosystems.     

Reduction of arsenic bioavailability by amending seven inorganic materials in arsenic contaminated soil

Seven inorganic amendment materials were added into arsenic(As) contaminated soil at a rate of 0.5%(w/w); the materials used were sepiolite, red mud, iron grit, phosphogypsum, ferrihydrite, iron phosphate, and layered double oxides(LDO). Plant growth trials using rape(edible rape, Brassia campestris L.) as a bio-indicator are commonly used to assess As bioavailability in soils. In this study, B. campestris was grown in a contaminated soil for 50 days. All of the inorganic amendments significantly inhibited the uptake of As by B. campestris. Following soil treatment with the seven aforementioned inorganic ammendments, the As concentrations in the edible parts of B. campestris were reduced by 28.6, 10.5, 8.7, 31.0, 47.4, 25.3, and 28.8%, respectively, as compared with the plants grown in control soil. The most effective amendment was ferrihydrite, which reduced As concentration in B. campestris from 1.84 to 0.97 mg kg–1, compared to control. Furthermore, ferrihydrite-treated soils had a remarkable decrease in both non-specifically sorbed As and available-As by 67 and 20%, respectively, comparing to control. Phosphogypsum was the most cost-effective amendment and it showed excellent performance in reducing the water soluble As in soils by 31% and inhibiting As uptake in B. campestris by 21% comparing to control. Additionally, obvious differences in As transfer rates were observed in the various amendments. The seven amendment materials used in this study all showed potential reduction of As bioavailability and influence on plant growth and other biological processes still need to be further explored in the long term.