Hidden diversity for abiotic and biotic stress tolerances in the primary gene pool of rice revealed by a large backcross breeding program

Low and unstable rice productivity in many areas of Asia is associated with many abiotic and biotic stresses such as drought, salinity, anaerobic conditions during germination, submergence, phosphorus and zinc deficiency, etc. To develop rice varieties with tolerance to these stresses, we undertook a large backcross (BC) breeding effort for the last 6 years, using three recurrent elite rice lines and 203 diverse donors, which represent a significant portion of the genetic diversity in the primary gene pool of rice. Significant progress has been made in the BC breeding program, which resulted in development of large numbers of introgression lines with improved tolerance to these stresses. Promising lines have been developed with excellent tolerances (extreme phenotypes) to salinity, submergence and zinc deficiency; resistance to brown plant hopper, ability to germinate under the anaerobic condition and low temperature. Our results indicated that there exist tremendous amounts of ‘hidden’ diversity for abiotic and biotic stress tolerances in the primary gene pool of rice. Furthermore, we demonstrated that despite the complex genetics and diverse physiological mechanisms underlying the abiotic stress tolerances, introgression of genes from a diverse source of donors into elite genetic backgrounds through BC breeding and efficient selection (careful screening under severe stress) is a powerful way to exploit this hidden diversity for improving abiotic stress tolerances of rice. We have developed three large sets of introgression lines, which not only provide an unique platform of breeding materials for developing new rice cultivars with superior yield and stability by trait/gene pyramiding, but also represent unique genetic stocks for a large-scale discovery of genes/alleles underlying the abiotic and biotic stress tolerances of rice using genomic tools.     

Droplet-vitrification cryotherapy and thermotherapy as efficient tools for the eradication of apple chlorotic leaf spot virus and apple stem grooving virus from virus-infected quince in vitro cultures

European Journal of Plant Pathology - Viral diseases affect quince plant productivity and fruit quality. This study evaluated the effectiveness of droplet-vitrification cryotherapy and...     

Diurnal Variations in Photosynthesis,Stomatal Conductance and Leaf Water Relation in Sorghum Grown with or without Silicon under Water Stress

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] was grown hydroponically with or without 50 ppm silicon (Si), and exposed to water stress from 10 days after sowing (DAS). At 15 and 23 DAS, we measured dry weight and diurnal variations in photosynthetic rate (P _N), stomatal conductance (g _s), transpiration rate (T), leaf water potential (ψ _L), and water uptake rate (23 DAS only). The reduction in dry weight at 23 DAS caused by water stress was ameliorated by silicon. Under water stress, silicon-treated seedlings showed higher g _s, P _N, and T than untreated ones. ψ _L remained almost constant within treatments throughout the daytime. Water uptake rate was reduced by water stress, but the reduction was ameliorated by silicon. We conclude that silicon enhanced water uptake and g _s, improving water supply to the leaves. These effects of silicon occurred soon after exposure to water stress.     

Nitrate,nutrient content and growth parameters of komatsuna (Brassica rapa L.) in response to manure application depending on EMN (estimated mineralizable nitrogen)

We investigated the effects of poultry manures (PM) and cow manures (CM) using estimated mineralizable nitrogen (EMN) method on nitrate, nutrient content and growth parameters of komatsuna and compared with chemical fertilizer (CF) in an abandoned soil. We applied manures as EMN based on their total N content. The 100% of EMN by PM or CM enhanced dry matter (DM) but depressed nitrate content. The PM-Keifun (PMK) with total N (4.87%) produced greater growth parameters, DM, nutrient content and lower nitrate content but manures with total N (<2%) could not. The solo CF₁₅₀ did not promote leaf number but increased nitrate and Na content. In conclusion, a higher total N (>4%) concentration of manure led to increase availability and nutrient contents, DM, and depressed nitrate content of komatsuna, comparable with solo CF in an abandoned soil.     

一种生物诱抗剂防治玉米圆斑病效果研究

利用实验室制备的一种生物诱抗剂(Biological resistance inducer,BRI)成功诱导玉米对圆斑病菌(Cochliobolus carbonum)的抗性,BRI对玉米圆斑病菌孢子萌发及菌丝生长无明显影响.温室接种试验结果表明,BRI浓度在10 ～ 100 μg/mL范围内,随着BRI浓度提高,其诱导玉米抗圆斑病的效果也相应提高.当BRI处理玉米后1h再接种玉米圆斑病菌,能诱导玉米产生抗性、减轻病害;随着病菌接种时间的推移,其诱导抗性逐渐加强,控病效果逐渐提高;在接种前5h喷施BRI,其防病效果达峰值(77.46％);接种前6h喷施BRI,防病效果缓慢下降.当接种孢子在1×103～5×104个/mL时,BRI防病效果达60.95％ ～ 71.46％;当接种孢子达1x105个/mL时,防病效果仅达18.08％.     

Leaf physiological and anatomical characters contribute to drought tolerance of Nusa Tenggara Timur local rice cultivars

Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology - Morpho-anatomical characters supporting the resilience of a plant under certain environmental conditions cannot be interpreted individually but...     

Evaluation of Agronomic Traits in Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines of KDML105 Containing Drought Tolerance QTL under Drought Stress

Drought is a major abiotic constraint to rice production in rainfed lowland and insufficiently irrigated areas.The improvement of drought tolerant varieties is one of the strategies to reduce the negative effects of drought.Quantitative trait loci(QTLs) for primary and secondary traits related to drought tolerance(DT) on chromosomes 1,3,4,8 and 9 that determined from double haploid lines derived from a cross between CT9993 and IR62266 were introgressed and dissected into small pieces in the genetic background of Khao Dawk Mali 105(KDML105) to develop chromosome segment substitution line(CSSL) population.The CSSLs were evaluated at the reproductive stage for their agronomic performance and yield components under drought stress,and results were compared with irrigated condition.The flowering of CSSL lines was 6 to 7 d earlier than KDML105.The mean values of grain yields in the CSSLs were higher than KDML105 under drought and irrigated conditions.At irrigated condition,the grain yields of introgression lines carrying DT-QTLs from chromosomes 4 and 8 were higher than that of KDML105,whereas other traits showed little difference with KDML105.Analysis indicated that grain yield has positive correlation with plant height,tiller and panicle number per plant,and total grain weight per plant under drought stress while negatively correlated with days to flowering.As mentioned above,CSSLs showing good adaptation under drought stress can be used as genetic materials to improve drought tolerance in Thai rainfed lowland rice breeding program,and as materials to dissect genes underlying drought tolerance.     

辣椒白粉病生防菌株Bs2的筛选鉴定及田间防效研究

从40份农田土壤中分离筛选出了69株芽孢杆菌对Fusarium oxysporum、Botrytis cinerea、Colletotrichum gloeosporioides、Cylin-drocarpon具有拮抗作用,其中Bs2菌株发酵液稀释50倍(5.6×107cfu/mL)后处理,连续用3次后的第7天,对辣椒白粉病的防治效果达到60.77%,略低于化学农药粉锈灵(0.8 g/L)的防治效果。通过形态特征观察,生理生化试验及16S rDNA序列分析,Bs2与菌株Bacillus pumilusSBT2-9的相同,其16S rDNA序列同源性高达99.41%,被鉴定为短小芽孢杆菌。     

大麦籽粒γ-氨基丁酸含量的测定分析

为研究不同大麦材料的籽粒γ-氨基酸(GABA)含量和发掘高GABA含量的大麦品种,采用比色法测定了美国、中国及其他国家的180个大麦品种籽粒GABA的含量.结果发现,不同品种中GABA的含量(mg/100 g)差异很大,中国大麦籽粒GABA含量(9.99±4.59)高于美国大麦籽粒(8.31±2.17),裸大麦籽粒GABA含量(15.28±8.51)高于皮大麦籽粒(8.56±2.54),多棱大麦籽粒GABA含量(9.40±4.22)高于二棱大麦籽粒(8.60±2.68);其中来自云南迪庆州的青稞籽粒GABA含量(29.51±1.20)是供试样品中最高的.本分析结果可为进一步选育富含γ-氨基丁酸的大麦品种提供材料,并为大麦资源开发提供方法和手段.     

Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae 引起云南省香蕉细菌性叶斑病

 为明确一种新的香蕉（Musa sapientum）细菌性叶斑病病原菌,以云南省新平县香蕉园区发现的一种新病害为供试材料,通过分离培养、形态观察、致病性测定、生理生化试验和gyrB,16S rDNA 和 rpoB基因片段分析,对病原菌进行了鉴定。该病由克雷伯氏肺炎球菌肺炎亚种（Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae）引起,病菌可侵染香蕉叶片、假茎和果实。茎干被病原菌侵入3 d后即可出现黑色小斑点,在接种部位附近呈上下方向蔓延趋势,7 d后茎干上出现大面积棕色坏死,内部组织褐变。本文在世界上首次报道克雷伯氏肺炎球菌肺炎亚种可侵染香蕉植株,引起香蕉细菌性叶斑病。