大三叶升麻嫩茎无性系的建立

为保护野生资源,实现人工栽培,以大三叶升麻茎为试验材料,进行愈伤组织的培养,以及试管苗的生根、生根继代培养和试管苗的移栽、定植的研究,建立起野生大三叶升麻无性系。结果表明:MS+BA 0.2 mg/L+2,4-D 2.0～2.5 mg/L是嫩茎愈伤组织诱导培养的理想培养基;MS+AgNO31.0 mg/L+GA30.5 mg/L+ZT 0.8 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L是嫩茎愈伤组织分化培养的理想培养基;把不定芽的基部在NAA 4.0mg/L的溶液中处理约5 min,接种到1/3MS为基本培养基,附加IBA 0.6 mg/L的培养基上,进行生根培养的方法是生根培养的理想培养方法;1/3MS+IBA 0.6 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L也是增殖培养的理想培养基;试管苗移栽、定植易成活。定植成活的试管苗保持了野生大三叶升麻的所有植物学性状。     

陕西关中地区植被指数变化多尺度分析

以关中地区遥感影像、数字高程(DEM)、地貌类型等资料为依据,运用地学信息图谱理论和方法,在RS和GIS的支持下生成关中地区1986-2007年NDVI变化图谱,并从栅格、地貌单元、坡度带及行政区划等多个尺度上,分析该区近22 a来NDVI的时空变化特征。研究表明：1986-2007年,关中地区年度NDVI]增加了20.91%,2000-2007年年均增幅约为1986-2000年的2.31倍;各地貌单元NDVI增幅表现为：黄土台塬＞黄土墚峁＞山地＞平原＞黄土塬;各坡度带NDVI]基本随坡度的增加而加大,且均呈增大态势;各地市年度NDVI增速为：渭南市>铜川市>宝鸡市>西安市>咸阳市。关中地区NDVI的时空变化是土地利用/覆被变化的结果,“退耕还林”政策的实施,促使了植被覆盖状况的改善。     

近22年关中地区林草覆盖率时空动态研究

以关中地区遥感影像、数字高程、地貌类型等资料为依据,运用地学信息图谱理论和方法,在RS和GIS的支持下生成了关中地区1986～2007年林草覆盖率变化图谱,并从栅格、坡度带、地貌单元及行政区等多个尺度上分析了该区近二十二年来林草覆盖率的时空变化特征。研究表明:1986～2007年,关中地区林草覆盖率增加了15.25%,2000～2007年段增速约为1986～2000年段的2.60倍;各地貌单元林草覆盖率增幅表现为:山地>黄土梁峁>黄土塬>黄土台塬>平原;各坡度段的林草覆盖率增加,增速随坡度增大而加大;各地市林草覆盖率增速为:西安市>渭南市>咸阳市>铜川市>宝鸡市。研究区的林草植被覆盖率的时空变化特点是土地利用/覆被变化的结果,"退耕还林"政策的实施促使了该区林草覆被情况的改善。     

居住区组团绿地空间的设计与营造

从居住区组团绿地的概念内涵及重要性入手,分别阐述了居住区组团绿地的布局形式、植物造景、设计原则及设计方法等。并结合寿光市巨能公寓组团绿地设计实例,进一步探讨了居住区组团绿地的设计方法、原则以及景观空间布局等情况。     

淹涝胁迫和供氮形态耦合对苗期玉米根系的影响

【目的】研究苗期玉米根系对供氮形态和淹涝胁迫的适应特性,为玉米抗涝的氮营养生理调控提供理论依据。【方法】采用砂培模拟培养方法,比较研究2种水分条件（淹涝胁迫和非淹涝胁迫）以及不同供氮形态（NH₄⁺-N（7.5 mmol/L(NH₄)₂SO₄）、NO₃^--N（7.5 mmol/L Ca(NO₃)₂）和NH_{4⁺+NO3^--N（7.5 mmol/L(NH4)2}SO₄与7.5 mmol/L Ca(NO₃)₂等体积混合）对苗期玉米根体积、根系气体体积、伤流液流量、根系脱氢酶活性、植株氮累积量及根系氮、磷和钾含量的影响。【结果】在非淹水胁迫条件下培养3周,玉米植株的叶及茎鞘干质量均以铵、硝混合处理最高;但在淹涝胁迫条件下,在玉米同一部位单一铵态氮处理的生物量抗淹涝系数（淹涝胁迫条件下的生物量/非淹涝胁迫条件下的生物量）最高,且均大于1,并以根系的生物量胁迫系数最高;而硝态氮处理的生物量胁迫系数均低于其他2种氮形态处理,且以根系的生物量胁迫系数最低,表明苗期玉米根系对不同供氮形态的响应与其耐淹涝胁迫能力密切相关。与硝态氮处理和铵、硝混合处理相比,铵态氮处理玉米的根系具有相对较高的根系气体体积,且其和根体积在淹涝胁迫条件下能保持同步增长,故铵态氮处理可维持稳定的根系孔隙度、单位质量根系活力以及根系氮、磷、钾含量,并提高其单株根系活力、伤流液流量、氮素吸收以及氮/磷、氮/钾和磷/钾,进而提高苗期玉米对淹涝胁迫的适应能力。【结论】在铵态氮营养条件下,苗期玉米根系对淹涝胁迫的适应能力相对较强。     

铵硝态氮单独供应对苗期淹水胁迫玉米氮磷钾累积的影响

【目的】研究不同供氮水平铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）、硝态氮（NO₃^--N）对苗期淹水胁迫玉米氮、磷、钾含量及累积的影响,为采取氮营养调控途径优化玉米的氮、磷、钾营养特性及提高玉米的抗涝性提供理论依据。【方法】采用室内砂砾培养及模拟淹水胁迫的方法,研究2个玉米品种（“利民15”和“皖玉9号”）分别在苗期单独供应不同水平（3,7 mmol/L）NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N 时,根、茎、叶中氮、磷、钾含量及累积量对淹水胁迫的响应。【结果】在2种氮形态和供氮水平下,淹水胁迫分别对低供NH₄⁺-N处理（A3F）和高供NO₃^--N处理（N7F）苗期玉米生长的影响相对较小,且淹水胁迫对根系生长的抑制效应明显大于地上部。在NH₄⁺-N营养条件下,提高氮素供应水平对苗期淹水胁迫玉米氮、磷、钾的累积无显著影响,但根系氮含量显著增加而钾含量显著降低;在NO₃^--N营养条件下,提高氮素供应水平则可显著提高苗期淹水胁迫玉米对氮、磷、钾的累积与吸收。【结论】在模拟淹水胁迫条件下,提高NH₄⁺-N供应水平可明显增加苗期玉米根系含氮量并降低其根系含钾量,导致氮、钾比例失调,进而降低其耐淹性;但提高NO₃^--N供应水平则可明显增加苗期玉米对氮、磷和钾的累积与吸收,相对增强了玉米的耐淹性。     

Mycorrhizal inoculation affects arbuscular mycorrhizal diversity in watermelon roots,but leads to improved colonization and plant response under water stress only

Horticultural crops in the Mediterranean basin have to cope with severe drought conditions. The effect of inoculating watermelon plants grown under limited water availability conditions with AM fungi on the fruit yield, water use efficiency (WUE), root-N and -P content was examined. We focused on the impact of watering level and inoculation with allochthonous AM fungi on the diversity and presence of AM fungi in the watermelon roots using molecular techniques. An open field experiment was conducted and plants were grown with (M) and without AM fungal inoculum (NM), subjected to water stress (NW) and no stress conditions (W). Suboptimal water application (NW) resulted in significant reduction of fruit yield, root-N and -P content. Inoculation of plants grown under water stress resulted in a significant increase of WUE (19%), fruit yield (19%), root-N (27%) and -P (40%). However, only root-P responded to AM inoculation under non water stress conditions demonstrating 23% increase in M plants. DNA extracted from root samples was subjected to PCR–DGGE analysis. The native mycorrhizal population colonized watermelon roots, as indicated by DGGE bands in NM treatments. Some members of this colonizer community appear sensitive to the introduction of allochthonous inocula and to water stress conditions. Cloning and sequencing of AM fungi revealed that watermelon roots were colonized by Glomus and Paraglomus species. A TaqMan real-time PCR assay was also carried out targeting the 18S rRNA gene for the quantification of AM nucleic acids. The 18S rRNA copy numbers of AM fungi were significantly increased in M plants compared to NM plants under water stress. On the contrary, under non stress conditions M and NM plants did not show significant differences, indicating that inoculation with AM fungi was related to the response of plants to water stress conditions. Principle coordinate analysis of the DGGE banding patterns showed that the diversity of AM fungal colonizers was strongly affected (i) by inoculation and (ii) by water stress in the inoculated plants. Inoculation affected fungal presence under water limitation conditions only. The latter was in line with the significant beneficial effect of inoculation on both WUE and yield only under water limitation.     

Biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nitrogen in cool-season turfgrass systems

Managed turf areas are both a source and a sink for greenhouse gases (GHGs). Management practices, including turfgrass selection and mowing, influence the amount of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stored in the soil, as well as the associated GHG emissions. The objective of this research was to determine the net C and N balance (i.e. the amount of C and N stored less the amount emitted) of managed turfgrass systems with different grasses (species and cultivars) and management practices (mowing frequency and grass clippings management). Data explicitly quantified in this experiment include annual mowing requirements and accompanying GHG emissions, annual dry matter yield, soil C and N accumulation, and GHG flux of tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) cultivars with varying growth rates. Leaf, verdure, and root tissue C and N were also determined, along with the corresponding biomass. Estimations of emissions from fertilization, irrigation, and pesticide applications were also included in the net balance calculations.All of the turfgrasses and management practices in this experiment resulted in a system-wide net C sink, though the magnitude of the sink varied by turfgrass selection and management strategy. In general, higher-yielding grasses and management practices increased soil C but also increased mowing requirements and thus emissions. Returning grass clippings was found to increase yield, soil and leaf tissue N, and soil C, but it also marginally increased mowing requirements. The results of this experiment support the assertion that managed turfgrass areas can act as a net C sink to help curb the increasing atmospheric GHG concentrations. The C sequestration potential of managed turfgrass is another of the numerous functional benefits of urban grasslands.     

The effect of sea transport from Ireland to the Lebanon on inflammatory,adrenocortical, metabolic and behavioural responses of bulls

The objective was to investigate the effect of sea transport on the physiological, behavioural and performance responses of bulls. One-hundred and eleven bulls (mean body weight (standard error of the mean) 429 (5.7 kg)) were randomly assigned to one of three treatments; control (C; n = 54) bulls were housed in 6 pens at Teagasc, Grange Research Centre at a stocking density of (1), 1.7 m²/head (C1.7; 3 pens) and (2), 3.4 m²/head (C3.4; 3 pens) and (3), transported (T) bulls (n = 57) were penned at a space allowance of 1.7 m²/head (6 pens) and allocated to one of five decks on the shipping vessel. C and T bulls were subjected to the same live weight (d −2), blood sampling and rectal temperature (d −1) measurements pre-transport and on d 3, d 6, d 9 and d 11 of the study. T bulls had greater (P < 0.05) live weight gain (+4.4%) compared with C1.7 bulls (−2.0%) and C3.4 (+0.13%)). Time spent lying was greater (P < 0.05) among C1.7 and C3.4 bulls (9.9% and 53.3%, respectively) compared with T bulls (45.8%). Rectal body temperature was not different (P > 0.05) among treatment groups throughout the study. At d 11, neutrophil % was greater (P < 0.05) in transported bulls on decks 1, 2, 4 and 5 compared with C1.7 and C3.4 treatments. Plasma cortisol concentrations were not different (P > 0.05) between control and transported bulls. Plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity was lower (P < 0.05) among C3.4 and T bulls on decks 2, 3, 4 and 5 compared with d 3 values. In conclusion, the welfare of bulls transported by sea on the sea journey was not adversely affected. Housing control bulls at a reduced space allowance (1.7 m²) had a negative effect on live weight gain.     

Effects of soil water content and nitrogen supply on the productivity of Miscanthus × giganteus Greef et Deu. in a Mediterranean environment

Miscanthus × giganteus is one of the most promising biomass crops for non-food utilisation. Taking into account its area of origin (Far East), its temperature and rainfall requirements are not well satisfied in Mediterranean climate. For this purpose, a research was carried out with the aim of studying the adaptation of the species to the Mediterranean environment, and at analysing its ecophysiological and productive response to different soil water and nitrogen conditions. A split plot experimental design with three levels of irrigation (I₁, I₂ and I₃ at 25%, 50% and 100% of maximum evapotranspiration (ETm), respectively) and three levels of nitrogen fertilisation (0 kg ha⁻¹: N₀, 60 kg ha⁻¹: N₁ and 120 kg ha⁻¹: N₂ of nitrogen) were studied. The crop showed a high yield potential under well-watered conditions (up to 27 t ha⁻¹ of dry matter). M. × giganteus, in Mediterranean environment showed a high yield potential even in very limited water availability conditions (more than 14 t ha⁻¹ with a 25% ETm restoration). A responsiveness to nitrogen supply, with great yield increases when water was not limiting, was exhibited. Water use efficiency (WUE) achieved the highest values in limited soil water availability (between 4.51 and 4.83 g l⁻¹), whilst in non-limiting water conditions it decreased down to 2.56 and 3.49 g l⁻¹ (in the second and third year of experiment, respectively). Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) decreased with the increase of water distributed (from 190.5 g g⁻¹ of I₀ to 173.2 g g⁻¹ of I₂); in relation to N fertilisation it did not change between the N fertilised treatments (N₁ and N₂), being much higher in the unfertilised control (177.1 g g⁻¹). Radiation use efficiency (NUE) progressively declined with the reduction of the N fertiliser level (1.05, 0.96 and 0.86 g d.m. MJ⁻¹, in 1994, and 0.92, 0.91 and 0.69 g d.m. MJ⁻¹, in 1995, for N₂, N₁ and N₀, respectively).