中国自然保护区基于社区的生态旅游发展研究

本文引入了国外基于社区的生态旅游这一新发展理念。然后分析了基于社区的生态旅游发展对我国自然保护区的意义。本文认为社区参与是自然保护区保护与发展的新范式,社区参与是自然保护区保护与发展的必然选择;从社区的角度来看,笔者认为基于社区的生态旅游有利于增强保护区社区的自我发展能力,促进旅游社区的可持续发展;基于社区的生态旅游是生态旅游的高级阶段。在基于社区的生态旅游利益主体分析的基础上,对中国基于社区的自然保护区生态旅游发展现状进行了深入研究,探讨社区参与能力的原因。最后,提出了提高社区参与能力,促进保护区生态旅游发展的几点建议。     

Simulated rain addition modifies diurnal patterns and temperature sensitivities of autotrophic and heterotrophic soil respiration in an arid desert ecosystem

The timing and magnitude of rainfall events in arid and semiarid regions are expected to change dramatically in future decades, which will likely greatly affect regional carbon cycles. To understand how increases in rainfall affect the diurnal patterns and temperature sensitivities (Q₁₀) of soil respiration (R_S) and its key components (i.e. heterotrophic respiration (R_H) and autotrophic respiration (R_A)), we conducted a manipulative field experiment in a desert ecosystem of Northwest China. We simulated five different scenarios of future rain regimes (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% increase over local annual mean precipitation) each month from May to September in 2009. We measured R_S and R_H every three hours on 6 and 16 days after the rain addition, and estimated R_A by calculating the difference between R_S and R_H. We found that rain addition significantly increased the daily mean R_S and its components on the two measurement days during the growing season. However, the diurnal pattern was different between the two respiration components. Rain addition significantly increased the daily Q₁₀ value of R_H but suppressed that of R_A on Day 6. Rain addition had no influence on daily Q₁₀ value of both respiration components on Day 16 when soil moisture was lower. In addition, we observed significantly higher daily Q₁₀ of R_H than R_A under all five rain addition treatments, indicating that microbial respiration is more temperature sensitive than root respiration in a short-time scale in this desert ecosystem. Thus, partitioning soil respiration into its two components, and analyzing the differential responses of R_H and R_A to future climate changes should be considered for more accurate predictions of soil respiration and regional carbon cycle in these arid and semiarid regions.     

苦水玫瑰产地土壤重金属污染评价与溯源解析

探明特色农产品产地土壤重金属污染特征及其污染来源可促进特色农作物产业的健康有序发展,对于助力乡村振兴和发展乡村特色产业具有重要意义。该研究以苦水玫瑰产地土壤为研究对象,应用内梅罗综合污染指数法、污染负荷指数法和改进物元可拓模型来量化土壤重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn的污染水平并进行对比分析,还利用正定因子矩阵模型(positive matrix factorization, PMF)进行土壤重金属溯源解析。结果表明:1)研究区土壤除Hg和Cr的均值低于兰州市和甘肃省土壤背景值之外,其余As、Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的均值都高于二者的背景值,但所有元素的测定值均低于《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)(GB 15 618-2018)》(pH值大于7.5)的筛选值。2)内梅罗综合污染指数和污染负荷指数分别处于0.71～2.02和0.64～1.48之间,均值为1.41和1.17,土壤总体上为轻度污染。改进物元可拓模型评价结果显示研究区土壤总体上处于尚清洁状态,与内梅罗综合污染指数与污染负荷指数评价结果基本一致,但改进物元可拓模型的评价结果更具有实际指导意...     

不同浓度营养液下温室黄瓜生长发育中K分配规律的研究

以黄瓜品种‘青瓜王子’杂交一代为试材,在Venlo型玻璃温室中,以袋装珍珠岩为载体,以霍格兰(Hoagland)营养液进行施肥,设置T1(1∶200)、T2(1∶100)、T3(1∶50)、T4(1∶30)4个处理,对黄瓜整个生育期进行破坏性试验,测定黄瓜各器官钾的含量,以研究不同浓度营养液下温室黄瓜各器官对钾吸收的规律。结果表明:随着营养液浓度的提高,温室黄瓜各器官对钾的吸收量逐渐增多,但当营养液浓度超过T3时对温室黄瓜产量不利,T3处理对温室黄瓜的产量最有利,达6 984.499g/株。     

Inversely estimating temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition by assimilating a turnover model and long-term field data

Change in temperature sensitivity of soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition with change in soil qualities (i.e. decomposability or lability) is one of the most important issues to be evaluated for projection of future CO₂ emissions from soils. We inversely estimated the temperature sensitivity of SOC decomposition rate by applying a hybrid of the Metropolis-Hasting algorithm and the particle filter method to the extended Rothamsted carbon model (RothC), together with long-term (9 years) experimental data on SOC obtained at five sites in Japanese upland soils. Contrary to the prediction of the Arrhenius kinetics theory, we found no significant differences in temperature sensitivity among soils with different qualities (represented as soil compartments in the RothC model). We also confirmed that there was a positive correlation between the relative temperature sensitivity of the humus compartment and future total CO₂ emissions. The RothC model with default parameterization tended to overestimate future total CO₂ emissions relative to the calibrated model, and the degree of overestimation was larger than that of underestimation.     

林火迹地森林恢复研究进展

森林火灾后如何恢复被破坏的森林是人们面临的一个非常重要的问题。本文回顾了国内外火烧迹地森林恢复的研究概况,从种群、群落、生态及景观四个尺度上概括了该领域研究的主要方法;总结了在森林恢复的研究方面采用的地理信息系统和遥感等先进技术和方法,并探讨了林火迹地森林植被恢复的对策及发展趋势。参38。     

养猪废水恶臭挥发性物质释放特征及其组分源解析

为探究猪场曝气池和出水口废水水样的恶臭挥发性物质（Malodorous Volatile Compounds,MVCs）组成和释放特征,本文采用质子转移反应质谱（PTR-MS）检测了养猪废水在实验室模拟存储过程中顶空MVCs组成,检出了含苯芳香烃、胺类、硫化物、酮类、酚类、羧酸和吲哚7类共22种MVCs。两种废水中MVCs浓度较高是氨、硫化氢、丙酮、二甲胺、甲基乙基酮、甲硫醇和丙酸等。通过臭味活度值（OAV_i）分析了两种废水的臭气组分相对贡献率,曝气池废水释放的MVCs臭味贡献度较高的是甲硫醇（28.77%）、3-甲基吲哚（19.05%）、对甲苯酚（18.45%）、硫化氢（15.05%）和二甲胺（7.15%）;而出水口液样释放的MVCs臭味贡献度较高的是对甲苯酚（47.17%）、甲硫醇（38.26%）和3-甲基吲哚（14.57%）。胺类和羧酸类物质在整个储存过程中的浓度变化较小,硫化物在所有挥发性有机物中所占的比例较低,在存放过程中浓度变化差异较小。曝气池废水中释放速率最高的MVCs是氨、丙酮和二甲胺,分别为47 928、27 μg·h^-1·m^-2和15 μg·h^-1·m^-2。主成分分析结果显示MVCs组分来源为4类,分别为含碳有机物的厌氧消化、蛋白质分解、粪浆及冲刷水中的颗粒物和动物排泄。     

城市废水暴露对食蚊鱼肝脏EROD酶活性的影响

采用动力学酶标荧光法,检测了东莞市数所污水处理厂、制药厂和电子厂废水对食蚊鱼(Gambusia affinis)肝组织中7-ethoxyresorufin o-deethylase(EROD)酶活性的影响,评价了运用EROD酶活性监测水环境污染物的生物效应的可行性。结果显示,食蚊鱼分别暴露于经稀释为20%,40%,60%,80%不同梯度的废水液72 h后,肝脏EROD酶的活性分别与受试城市污水处理厂、制药厂和电子厂的废水之间存在剂量效应关系,EROD酶活性随污水浓度的增加而提高。电子厂废水的最大诱导倍数与对照组的比值可达到5.26,这表明其水体中存在的有机污染物较多,污水处理厂次之,制药厂的出水中污染物最少。研究表明,食蚊鱼肝组织EROD酶活性可以作为监测城市废水污染的理想生物标记物,后续的研究工作应使之标准化。     

Interactive mapping of urban tree benefits using Google Fusion Tables and API technologies

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and web-based GIS platforms are typically used by large organizations and government agencies for the purpose of data storage, query, analysis, and spatial data mapping. Google Fusion Tables, however, provides cloud-based computing services for data management and easy user collaboration through the Google Maps interface. Fusion Tables are oriented towards smaller organizations that previously were unable to publish data online due to limitations of database knowledge, high cost of start-up, and restrictions on implementation. In this research project, we assess the functionality and limitations of Fusion Tables and associated API as a spatial data management system by programming an interactive web-based mapping platform, the CityTrees.ca Project, designed to showcase the benefits of trees growing on the campus of Ryerson University, Toronto. Specifically, Fusion Tables functionality, such as data storage and manipulation, is used to build a query interface (both attribute and spatial) that permits users of CityTrees.ca to search for and map trees by species, diameter, height, and location. We found that Fusion Tables performed well as a storage medium for our campus tree data, which could easily be explored through our creation of a JavaScript-enabled query tool. Our project provides a unique roadmap for small to medium-sized urban forestry organizations and environmental non-profits seeking to create interactive mapping applications where data privacy and advanced spatial analysis are not fundamental.