The influence of livestock dung on the abundance of exotic and native earthworms in a grassland in south-eastern Australia

It is well known that organic matter in the form of dung is utilised as a food source by some earthworms, but little has been reported on the preferences of earthworms for different types of dung in agricultural settings. An experiment was carried out in spring in south-eastern Australia to evaluate the effect that dung from different livestock has on the abundance of earthworms in a grassland environment. We were particularly interested to compare the responses of native Australian earthworms (Megascolecidae) with those of exotic earthworms (Lumbricidae and Acanthodrilidae). The attractiveness of dung from sheep, cattle and horses was measured by determining the abundance and biomass of the resident earthworm species under each dung type at varying times after adding the dung to the soil surface (0, 10, 20 and 30 days). The earthworm population consisted of three exotic species, Apporrectodea trapezoides, Microscolex dubius and M. phosphoreus, and two native species, Spenceriella macleayi and S. bywongensis. Both the number of days that the dung was available to earthworms and the type of dung influenced the numbers and biomass of the earthworms found beneath the dung pats. Significant interactions existed between time and dung type when all adult earthworms were considered as one group and also when adults were split into individual species. The various species responded differently to the dung, but horse dung was generally the more preferred dung type. The significance of these results is discussed in terms of the management of dung in an Australian pastoral context.     

干旱胁迫下3种岩石边坡生态修复植物的抗旱性

植物的抗旱性直接影响着岩石边坡生态修复的效果。为研究不同植物在持续干旱下的抗旱机理,选择草地早熟禾、狗牙根和红三叶3种常用于岩石边坡生态修复的植物,采用盆栽控水试验和室内分析相结合的方法,研究干旱胁迫下3种植物叶片的相对含水量、相对电导率、丙二醛（MDA）含量、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸(Pro)含量和叶绿素含量6个生理生化指标的变化情况。结果表明：所有参试植物的生理生化指标都随干旱胁迫的程度而变化,但植物之间和生理生化指标之间存在差异。运用模糊数学隶属函数分析法和灰色关联分析法,综合评价3种植物的抗旱性和各指标对干旱胁迫的敏感性。结果显示：干旱前期和中期,植物的抗旱性为：狗牙根＞红三叶＞草地早熟禾;干旱后期,植物的抗旱性为：草地早熟禾＞狗牙根＞红三叶;各生理生化指标与植物抗旱隶属度的关联度从大到小依次为0.708,0.694,0.638,0.630,0.609和0.607,可作为岩石边坡生态修复抗旱性植物筛选的评价指标,其中,以叶绿素含量和相对含水量对干旱胁迫的反应最为敏感。     

基于EFAST方法的CERES-Wheat作物模型参数敏感性分析

为有效识别作物模型关键参数,减少模型模拟的不适用性,根据中国农业大学上庄实验站小麦田间实测数据,应用EFAST方法对CERES-Wheat模型输入参数进行定量的全局敏感性分析,分析小麦模拟产量对作物参数、土壤参数和田间管理参数变化的敏感性。结果表明:CERES-Wheat模型的作物品种型参数中,标准籽粒质量参数对模拟结果影响最大,而生态型参数中影响最大的是营养生长末期叶片面积质量比率;土壤参数中的矿化系数对模拟结果影响最显著;管理参数中的施氮量、播种日期、施肥日期、播种深度对模拟结果影响较显著。基于EFAST方法的敏感性分析对作物模型修正具有指导意义,可为确定模型关键参数及模型进一步优化提供参考依据。     

基于“卓越工程师”培养的土建类理论力学教学改革研究

理论力学是土木工程系的主干课程,是后续课程材料力学、结构力学的基础,在整个土木工程系课程结构中占有相当重要的地位。针对于教育部提出的“卓越工程师教育培养计划”,为培养高质量工程技术人才,有必要对土木工程专业理论力学进行有效的教学改革。结合课题组已有的教学经验,从教学理念、教学内容、教学手段、教学模式和实践性教学活动几个方面提出了详尽的改革措施。     

土壤湿度农业干旱指数的改进及其适用性

准确监测农业干旱是保障粮食安全的基础。针对土壤湿度农业干旱指数(soil moisture agricultural drought index,SMADI)在干旱半干旱地区旱情监测不准确的问题,对SMADI进行了改进,同时修正了改进后的土壤湿度农业干旱指数(modified soil moisture agricultural drought index,SMADI_M)的干旱等级划分标准,并从全区与局部尺度、时间和空间尺度、以及对干旱响应的时效性三方面对SMADI_M的可靠性进行了验证。结果表明：SMADI_M改进了SMADI在低植被覆盖区存在的旱情高估的问题,弥补了SMADI的不足,可用于任意植被覆盖区的旱情监测;SMADI_M能够准确捕捉不同时间尺度(年、季、月)和空间尺度(全局、局部)的旱情信息,有效提高了农业干旱监测精度;与植被条件指数(vegetation condition index,VCI)和标准化降水蒸散指数(standardized precipitation evapotransp...     

Analysis on AE characteristic and its confining pressure effect of outburst coal containing gas

Briquette samples made of outburst coal are taken as study objects to study AE characteristic and its confining pressure effect by using self-developed equipment, Shimazu servo test machine and AE monitor system, and the characteristic of AE parameters are analyzed, too. The results show that in the process of outburst coal containing gas triaxial compression, there is no serious dense or sparse area of AE events, but three relative dense appear in compression phase, middle area of linear elastic stage and near peaking phase area so that the characteristic of AE events look like three peaks. But the amplitude of AE events is small and the good consistency between energy change and amplitude change is showed. Microstructure change caused by external stress field change, fracture and fragmentation of particle of samples, movement besides particle of samples and microstructure change caused by dissipation of gas are the sources of AE events. The number of AE events is reduced as the confining pressure is increased, but the influence on total number of AE events caused by confining pressure show nonlinear, expressed by quadratic function. The number of larger amplitude of AE events show decreasing tendency as the confining pressure is increased, the relation between numbers of AE events whose amplitude is more than certain value and confining pressure is expressed by quadratic function.     

京津冀MODIS长时序增强型植被指数拟合重建方法适用性研究

长时间序列植被指数拟合重建的结果可为植被变化动态监测及物候信息提取、生物量信息提取、农作物产量预测及面积估算、生态质量评价及生态系统碳循环研究等提供更精准、更可靠的数据来源,从而有效反映生态环境质量。MODIS EVI数据虽经过最大值合成(MVC)处理,但仍存在云、冰雪、气溶胶等噪声。该文基于Timesat软件中非对称高斯函数拟合法(AG)、双Logistic函数拟合法(DL)、SG滤波法(SG)3种方法对京津冀2001—2015年MODIS EVI时间序列数据进行拟合重建,从时间序列、空间格局两个维度,并结合数理统计方法,对比分析了不同方法的拟合效果。结果表明:噪声比与拟合重建的方法无明显相关关系。在去噪效果和保真性、拟合优度等方面,AG拟合和DL拟合整体无明显差异,在部分像元点上AG拟合表现出更好的重建效果。SG方法可以更有效的保留原始植被特征。3种方法重建后的效果表现出与地类空间分布相关的差异性。对于京津冀地区长时序数据,AG拟合在人类扰动较小的草地、森林和灌木地区域表现出更好的重建效果,SG方法在人类活动干扰更强的耕地区域重建效果更优。     

Lateral and Vertical Variations of Soil Organic and Inorganic Carbon Content in Aridisols and Entisols of a Rangeland

Eurasian Soil Science - The influence of biological and physicochemical soil properties on the variations in soil organic and inorganic carbon (OC and IC) contents at the soil surface was studied....     

中国土壤重构及其土水特性研究进展

土壤是土地生态系统的基底和基础,土壤重构对土地复垦、土地质量提升和生态环境恢复等具有重要意义。本文采用文献分析法和对比分析法,分析了我国土壤重构基本概念与内涵、土壤重构技术及其土水特性运行机理。根据研究对象、研究目的、填充材料和关键技术的对比分析,认为土壤重构与土体有机重构两者的概念与内涵存在交叉和包含关系,两者研究对象及目的均为损毁土地及缺陷土地的再生利用及其生态系统恢复,关键技术侧重土壤剖面结构和功能的重构;重构材料属于包含关系,土体有机重构填充材料多为有机物和生物材料,包含矿区副产品等。根据土壤损毁的特征,将土壤剖面重构类型分为功能退化型、土层损毁型、土层结构紊乱型和土层污染型。土壤重构材料的选取应因地制宜;土壤重构施工技术应更多关注如何减少对土壤结构的破坏和降低压实度,从而减轻对表土的破坏并提高土壤生产力。土壤重构主要针对矿区土地复垦,其对土水特性的影响侧重于模型模拟和土壤的保水性,重构后的土壤对土壤中水分和溶质运移有一定的阻碍作用,不利于降水入渗补给;土壤重构研究还应关注不同土壤重构模式下短时间序列土壤水分运移及其机理。针对目前土壤重构技术发展现状,建议今后深入开展土壤重构的生态材料研发、土壤与其他要素耦合机理、全过程监测和信息化技术融合、农区土壤重构和城市景观重构等方面的理论与技术研究。     

Institutional management regimes for pricing of irrigation water: the French model — lessons for India

In France, the River Basin Committees and Water Agencies are in-charge of managing water resources. However, many surface irrigation networks were initiated and operated by the Regional Companies and farmer syndicates exclusively for agricultural development in the southwest of the country. These are water institutions playing an active role in water management with an objective of cost recovery in order to improve the quality of irrigation services to the users. The implementation of various innovative institutional management approaches by these agencies have yielded a modest degree of success in addressing the crucial problems of the irrigation sector in terms of pricing water, cost recovery, financial viability and overall sustainability of the surface irrigation system. This study attempts to examine the relevance of the institutional management approaches of France to the Indian context. The institutional framework for setting the price of irrigation water is through negotiation between the management and the user representatives. The important lessons drawn based on the experiences of the French model include the granting of financial autonomy to the water institutions in order to recover operational and maintenance costs, participatory approaches of decentralised management, user involvement in the decision-making process, devolution of small-scale irrigation networks to the users for management and the promotion of effective and viable user associations with access to technical information relating to the use of irrigation technologies.