紫色土和黄壤含水率的室内光谱反演

[目的] 选择西南地区代表性土类紫色土和地带性黄壤,分析其光谱信息,构建土壤水分反演模型,估测土壤含水率,为西南地区土壤水分快速监测提供方法依据。[方法] 通过室内配置紫色土和黄壤不同土壤含水率水平,运用地物光谱仪测量其光谱反射率,比较不同含水率条件下两类土壤的高光谱特征;采用多种数学变换和相关分析法提取特征波段,运用多元逐步回归（SMLR）和BP神经网络（BPNN）分别构建土壤含水率的高光谱估测模型。[结果] ①随土壤含水率的增加,紫色土和黄壤的光谱反射率均逐渐降低;在相同含水率条件下,紫色土的光谱反射率低于黄壤。②土壤含水率对可见光波段（380～760 nm）反射率的影响显著低于红外波段（760～2 500 nm）;均在1 400,1 900,2 200 nm附近存在明显水分吸收谷。③经数学变换的紫色土和黄壤光谱反射率均与土壤含水率存在极强的相关性。④基于BPNN建立的土壤水分反演模型整体优于SMLR模型。[结论] BPNN模型为西南地区紫色土和黄壤土壤含水率光谱反演的最优模型,能够快速准确估测紫色土和黄壤土壤水分状况。     

基于高光谱影像分解的土壤含水量反演技术

植被和土壤常同时存在于影像像元中,土壤含水量监测不可避免地会受植被光谱影响。因此,剔除植被光谱干扰显得尤为重要。采用基于光谱匹配的分解算法对Hyperion高光谱数据进行分解,剔除植被光谱的干扰,同时对土壤贡献的光谱信息进行一阶微分和包络线去除变换,选取敏感波段,建立土壤含水量反演模型。结果表明：以波段X661,× 1019和X2067的土壤包络线去除光谱为自变量建立的模型最佳,预测R2值为0.85;未剔除植被光谱时,以波段X541,X979和X1632的一阶微分光谱为自变量建立的模型最佳,预测R2值仅为0.36。通过高光谱影像分解剔除植被光谱干扰估测土壤含水量的方法是可行的,可为今后遥感估测土壤含水量的研究提供参考。     

三种护坡植物根-土复合体抗剪强度比较

以紫穗槐、胡枝子及狗牙根根系及其与土壤构成的根-土复合体为研究对象,通过对根-土复合体的室内直剪试验,比较分析了不同物种根系和不同含根量对根-土复合体的抗剪强度的影响。结果表明,根系的存在提高了土体的抗剪强度,根-土复合体的抗剪强度随着含根量的增加而增大,但当含根量达到一定值时根-土复合体的强度增加并不明显,即存在最佳含根量范围;与无根扰动土相比,根-土复合体内摩擦角无显著变化,但显著提高了黏聚力,其中紫穗槐、胡枝子、狗牙根黏聚力平均增幅分别为47.5%,39.2%和38.9%;紫穗槐、胡枝子和狗牙根根-土复合体对土壤的抗剪强度影响不同。在水土流失区种植乔灌木物种能有效增加坡体稳定性,降低土壤侵蚀。     

干旱条件下南方红壤丘陵地区水分平衡

全球变暖背景下近些年中国南方地区干旱气候事件频发,水土资源匹配态势并不乐观。论文以吉泰盆地为案例区,采用标准化降水指数,系统诊断吉泰盆地近50a的干旱态势,识别干旱的类型与强度;构建水分平衡模型,重演历史干旱气候条件下南方红壤丘陵地区耕地、林地等主要用地类型的水分平衡。研究表明,1960-2010年,吉泰盆地近30%的年份发生了干旱,频率较高。其中,轻旱发生的频次最高,特旱位居其次,吉泰盆地干旱大多发生于伏秋期间;无旱气候条件下,吉泰盆地水分平衡量约为448mm,自然降水整体可以满足林地和耕地等主要用地类型的水分需求,水分盈余是其平衡关系的基本特征,盈余量整体呈现河谷、平原低于丘陵、山地的空间格局;轻、中、重和特旱气候条件下,吉泰盆地耕地水分平衡量由无旱态势下的盈余转为亏缺,林地的水分盈余量下降幅度在37.87%～77.80%;轻、中、重旱气候条件,吉泰盆地的水分平衡量较无旱时依次下降了55.07%、70.28%和96.08%;在特旱气候条件下,缺水量达72mm;随着干旱程度的加剧,吉泰盆地水分盈余量降低、亏缺量增加。     

Indicator development for sustainable urban park management in Hong Kong

Urban park managers in densely-populated metropolises such as Hong Kong have to cope with dynamic user expectations, the impacts of recreation, and the shortage of resources over time, and the goal to improve park management strategies is ongoing. Indicators are potentially effective yardsticks for measuring park conditions and explaining the implications of various conditions on sustainable park management. This study solicits an indicator set through a two-tiered process of indicator selection, screening and rating, and a tripartite engagement by 20 park managers, 9 local scholars, and 743 park users in Hong Kong. The findings from the user-perceived level of importance of each indicator suggest that users pay close attention to landscaping, and that users consider the environmental quality of parks to be important management aspects. User-associated components of urban park management are identified, which reveal gradual changes in park features over the years.     

Application and verification of simultaneous determination of cellulose δ13C and δ18O in Picea shrenkiana tree rings from northwestern China using the high-temperature pyrolysis method

Stable isotopes in tree-ring cellulose provide important data in ecological, archaeological, and paleoenvironmental researches, thereby, the demand for stable isotope analyses is increasing rapidly. Simultaneous measurement of cellulose δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values from tree rings would reduce the cost of isotopic commodities and improve the analytical efficiency compared with conventional separate measurement. In this study, we compared the δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values of tree-ring α-cellulose from Tianshan spruce (Picea schrenkiana) in an arid site in the drainage basin of the Urumqi River in Xinjiang of northwestern China based on separate and simultaneous measurements, using the combustion method (at 1050°C) and the high-temperature pyrolysis method (at 1350°C and 1400°C). We verified the results of simultaneous measurement using the outputs from separate measurement and found that both methods (separate and simultaneous) produced similar δ¹³C values. The two-point calibrated method improved the results (range and variation) of δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values. The mean values, standard deviations, and trends of the tree-ring δ¹³C obtained by the combustion method were similar to those by the pyrolysis method followed by two-point calibration. The simultaneously measured δ¹⁸O from the pyrolysis method at 1400°C had a nearly constant offset with that the pyrolysis method at 1350°C due to isotopic-dependence on the reaction temperature. However, they showed similar variations in the time series. The climate responses inferred from simultaneously and separately measured δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O did not differ between the two methods. The tree-ring δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values were negatively correlated with standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index from May to August. In addition, the δ¹⁸O was significantly correlated with temperature (positive), precipitation (negative), and relative humidity (negative) from May to August. The tree-ring δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values determined simultaneously through the high-temperature pyrolysis method could produce acceptable and reliable stable isotope series. The simultaneous isotopic measurement can greatly reduce the cost and time requirement compared with the separate isotopic measurement. These results are consistent with the previous studies at humid sites, suggesting that the simultaneous determination of δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O in tree-ring α-cellulose can be used in wide regions.     

渭-库绿洲耕层土壤水盐空间分异特征研究

探索干旱区绿洲耕层土壤水盐空间分异规律对土壤盐渍化防治具有十分重要的意义。以渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲为研究区，采用反距离加权、局部多项式、径向基函数和普通克里金插值方法进行土壤水盐含量的空间插值，并利用均方根误差、平均相对误差、平均绝对误差以及决定系数对4种插值结果进行精度验证，并分析不同海拔和土地利用类型下的土壤水盐空间分异特征。结果表明:1）研究区耕层土壤水盐空间变异程度由大到小依次为土壤总盐＞电导率＞含水量＞pH值，pH值属于弱空间变异，电导率和土壤总盐属于强空间变异，土壤含水量为中度空间变异。2）对比4种插值方法的精度，由高到低依次为反距离加权>径向基函数>普通克里金>局部多项式，反距离加权模型的决定系数最高，均方根误差、平均相对误差和平均绝对误差均最小。3）研究区耕层土壤含水量由东向西递增，而pH值、电导率和土壤总盐由东向西递减，均呈现出较为明显的条带状分布规律。在不同海拔高度和土地利用类型下，土壤水盐含量呈现出显著的空间差异（P<0.05）。     

基于城市公园空间满意度的绿视率调查研究

文章以人的移动性空间感知为研究视角,对城市公园进行动态和静态满意度相结合的调查,探讨静态满意度和动态满意度评价结果与绿视率存在的统计学关系,分析得出基于空间满意的绿视率数值区间.结果显示:1)绿视率30%~60%为样本数量最为集中的区间,当绿视率超过70%后,样本数量显著减少;2)动态满意度与静态满意度无论在评分分布还是数值均值都表现为显著的正相关性;3)绿视率与满意度呈现出负相关性.研究方法可为绿视率的动态调查提供参考依据.     

重庆山区不同土地利用下的土壤肥力质量研究

该文旨在揭示重庆市山区小流域不同土地利用方式下的土壤肥力状况,为土壤培肥管理提供依据。以重庆市南川区山区小流域为例,选取3种不同的土地利用方式,共采集样品81个,结合主成分分析法与隶属度函数,分析山区小流域的土壤养分状况与肥力质量水平。结果表明,研究区土壤酸化严重,林地的有机质含量最高,旱地全氮、全磷和速效磷较为丰富,而全钾与速效钾则普遍缺乏;土壤综合肥力指数处于0.2~0.9之间,平均值0.54,研究区土壤肥力质量为中等偏低,不同土地利用下的肥力质量排序为旱地(0.57)>林地(0.51)>水田(0.48),旱地肥力水平较高,可见人为管理措施、土壤科学培肥的重要,而林地高于闲置农田表明适当退耕还林的重要性。     

和田河西侧胡杨沙堆的三维形态特征及空间自相关性

基于野外RTK测量数据,利用GIS和统计手段进行信息提取与统计,定量分析了和田河西侧10个样方内胡杨沙堆的三维形态特征及空间自相关性。结果表明:(1)胡杨沙堆形态不规则,各形态参数变化范围均较大,大部分沙堆处于发育阶段;(2)沙堆呈斑块分布,中等面积沙堆居多。最小距离指数表明研究区内胡杨沙堆总体上呈离散分布;(3)坡度统计结果显示沙堆坡度主要分布在0°~50°;(4)胡杨沙堆的空间自相关尺度最大值为120m,在各自空间尺度上,沙堆的高度和底面积呈复杂的空间自相关关系。