贵阳城区建立三维模型中SPOT遥感影像阴影处理方法的探讨

对SPOT高分辨率卫星遥感图像的融合、增强、转值等进行处理,得到较清晰的建筑物阴影信息,然后结合Erdas中的专家分类系统,判断建筑物的阴影、阴面、阳面,并结合阴影和相应建筑物的数学关系计算出建筑物的高度信息,在矢量化的基础上通过Erdas的Virtual GIS模块建立贵阳市三维模型。     

Maternal transfer of antibodies specific for avian influenza viruses in captive whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus)

The transfer of maternal antibodies to offspring can effectively protect against avian influenza virus (AIV) infection during early life in chickens and can prevent AIV spread by decreasing the overall percentage of the avian population susceptible to this pathogen. Herein, we evaluated maternal antibody transfer dynamics in whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus), which represent an important AIV host species. In total, 57 eggs from 19 nests were collected to study the relationship between egg yolk AIV-specific antibody concentrations and factors including egg size, laying order, maternal serum AIV antibody titer, and maternal body condition. Overall, we found that AIV-specific antibodies were present in the serum of 63.2 % of surveyed female swans and were transferred to 50.8 % of analyzed eggs. We found maternal AIV-specific antibody concentration and body weight to be positively correlated with egg yolk AIV antibody concentration, whereas egg laying order was negatively correlated with yolk antibody titer. Overall, these findings maternal transfer of AIV-specific antibodies may function as a key mechanism governing the dynamics of AIV infection in swan populations.     

典型喀斯特地区石漠化演变过程对土壤质量性状的影响

在一个较小的时空尺度上对典型喀斯特地区石漠化过程中的土壤质量演变特征及其退化过程进行了探讨。结果表明：由于植被破坏和耕地的开垦发生土壤颗粒粗化，向石漠化景观发展，土体结构破坏，容重增加0．12～0．60g／cm^3，总孔隙度降低12．0％～39．8％，持水性能变劣，养分也随之下降；〈0．05mm的粘粉粒流失，表层土壤有机质和全氮含量下降33．4％～84．6％和43．3％～85．2％。土壤质量的演变，既有系统本身的自然属性决定的内在原因，更重要的是人为的外部干扰体系的驱动；演变的过程既有渐变型，又有跃变型。     

石漠化土地利用成因分类

 基于黄平县2004年的石漠化和土地利用数据,定量研究黄平县各区不同等级石漠化土地中土地利用类型的分布规律和不同土地利用类型的石漠化发生率。结果表明:不同等级石漠化与不同土地利用类型存在着相关性,石漠化土地中以灌木林地、低覆盖度草地、未利用地、山区旱地、石质旱地等土地利用类型占较大比例;轻度石漠化土地中以稀疏草坡和中密度草坡为主,中度石漠化土地以未利用地和低、中覆盖度草坡和石质旱地为主,强度石漠化土地以石质旱地和未利用地为主,但这种空间关联因区域而异。进而对轻度、中度和强度石漠化作出了按发生的土地利用类型的分类,因此,黄平县及其ⅠⅤ区轻度、中度和强度石漠化的恢复治理也应以相应的土地利用类型为重点。     

Secondary succession of nematodes in power plant ash dumps reclaimed by covering with turf

An analysis of successive changes in nematode assemblages in reclaimed waste area offers information about the sensitivity of species or groups of nematodes to specific conditions and ability to colonise new habitats. The study was carried in ash dumps being a by-product of the combustion of hard coal and reclaimed by covering with mineral turf (light loam warp soil) or organic turf (alder peat). In the first 3 years of reclamation diversity of nematodes was low, especially in the dump covered with mineral turf—Shannon diversity index below 3. Later on the value of Shannon index increased and did not differ from those recorded for meadows in Poland. In the ash dump reclaimed for a longer time period (8–11 years) the contribution of K strategist species was higher than in the dumps reclaimed for a shorter time period (2–5 years). At the earlier stages of succession bacterivores Acrobeloides, and two fungivores Aphelenchoides and Aphelenchus, predominated. In the ash dump reclaimed longer the dominance of these three genera decreased and some plant feeders achieved high contribution (> 30%). The composition of nematode communities depended significantly on the period of reclamation, but did not depend either on the soil moisture and pH or on season.     

Controls on spatial patterns of wildfire severity and early post-fire vegetation development in an Arizona Sky Island,USA

Landscape Ecology - Spatial patterns of vegetation change and fire severity are influenced by fire exclusion, topography and weather conditions during a fire. Since the late nineteenth century,...     

大豆根系特征与磷素吸收利用的关系

大豆幼苗经过培养处理形成三种内磷浓度,在两种不同营养液磷水平下进行培养,研究大豆根系特征与磷素吸收利用之间的关系.研究发现,大豆植株体内磷对促进根系的伸长有着非常重要的作用.对于相同的内磷处理,不同外源磷对根长影响较大,外磷浓度越高根长越短,尤其在磷处理后的第3周,S2和S3内磷水平的处理,从P2降低到P1水平时,根长分别增加了5.2%和30.1%.在无外磷的条件下,不同内磷浓度对根表面积的影响从磷处理后的第2周开始均达到了5%的显著水平,而施加外磷的处理,只有在磷处理后的第4和第5周,才达到5%的差异显著水平.在所有的取样时期,植株干生物量与磷效率比值没有达到显著水平,但是,随着磷效率比值的增加,达到0.40以后,植株干生物量随着磷效率比值的增加而增加.植株磷效率比值与含磷量之间达到了1%的显著水平,随着磷效率比值的增加,植株体内含磷量呈指数下降.     

施用生物炭抑制塌陷区复垦土壤硝化作用

生物炭具有培肥土壤和影响土壤氮素转化的效应,但对于不同肥力尤其是极低肥力的采煤塌陷复垦区土壤氮素转化方面缺乏研究。该文采用室内恒温控湿好气培养的方法,研究生物炭在不同氮肥水平下对肥力差异较大的两种土壤(肥力高的菜地土壤、肥力极低的塌陷区复垦土壤)硝化作用的影响。试验设2种氮肥水平、3种生物炭施用量。结果发现,相对于菜地土壤,塌陷区复垦土壤硝化作用缓慢,土壤最大硝化速率仅为菜地土壤的17.32%,且最大硝化速率出现的时间延迟4.2 d。高氮条件下,土壤硝化作用进行得较慢,施入生物炭后对硝化作用的抑制增强,并使土壤硝化加速阶段延长6 d(塌陷区复垦土壤)至11 d(菜地土壤)。塌陷区土壤尤其在高氮条件下最大硝化速率出现的时间明显随生物炭添加量增加而逐渐延迟,而土壤最大硝化速率不受生物炭及氮肥水平的影响。但菜地土壤土壤最大硝化速率值、最大硝化速率出现的时间值显著受氮肥水平及生物炭施用量影响。因此,生物炭对硝化作用的抑制主要表现在硝化作用的加速阶段,抑制强度受氮肥水平和土壤类型交互作用影响。     

Predicting potential habitat and population size for reintroduction of the Far Eastern leopards in the Russian Far East

The Far Eastern Leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis; Schlegel, 1857) is perhaps the world’s most endangered large felid subspecies occurring in a single population of ?30 adults, and faces immediate risk of extinction unless additional populations can be established within its historical range in the Russian Far East. We used locations of leopard tracks (and their ungulate prey) collected from snow track surveys from 1997 to 2007 to develop resource selection functions (RSF) to identify potential habitat for reintroduction. We compared models that include prey versus those based on landscape covariates, and also included covariates related to human-induced mortality. To estimate potential population size, we used a habitat-based population estimate based on the ratio of population size and RSF value of occupied range. Far Eastern leopards selected for areas with high ungulate density, lower-elevation Korean pine forests on southwest facing slopes, and in areas far from human activity. Using this RSF model, we identified a total of 10,648 km² in eight patches >500 km² of potential Far Eastern leopard habitat that could harbor a potential population of 105.3 (57.9–147.2) adults. In combination with the existing population, successful reintroductions could result in a total of 139.2 (76.5–194.6) adult leopards, a 3–4-fold increase in population size. Our habitat models assist the reintroduction planning process by identifying factors that predict presence and potential suitable habitat. Identifying the highest quality, most connected patches, in combination with appropriate selection and training of released animals, is recommended for successfully reintroducing Far Eastern leopards, and potentially other endangered carnivores into the wild.     

中亚棉花生产需水量与虚拟水贸易变化趋势

棉花是中亚重要的出口农产品之一,在水资源日趋严峻形势下,评价棉花生产需水和虚拟水贸易对区域水资源管理具有重要意义。本研究基于中亚175个站点长期气象数据,利用ArcGIS空间插值和作物系数法,结合棉花空间分布情况,首先估算了中亚五国的棉花需水量和单产需水量;基于单产需水量和国际粮农组织(FAO)的棉花产量和贸易数据,分析了1992年以来棉花的生产需水量、虚拟水贸易变化趋势及影响因素;最后评价了虚拟水贸易对中亚水资源的影响。研究结果表明:1)中亚棉花需水量为761.0～1033.9mm,单产需水量为2834.4～5732.1 m~3·t~(-1),其中产棉大国乌兹别克斯坦为4263.8 m~3·t~(-1)。2)1992—2017年,中亚地区棉花收获面积减少和产量偏低,导致总产量下降,生产需水量从初期的不足300亿m~3下降到目前的不足200亿m~3;棉花消费量增加导致出口量降低,净出口虚拟水量从初期的200亿m~3左右下降到目前50亿m~3;年均棉花生产需水量、净出口虚拟水量和净出口占生产需水量的比值分别为237.2亿m~3、147.4亿m~3和62.1%。3) 1992—2017年,乌兹别克斯坦和土库曼斯坦通过棉花出口分别输出其可更新水资源总量的18.4%和12.7%,加剧了咸海流域水资源短缺。因此减少农田输水损失,提高棉花水分利用效率,是提升中亚棉花总产、减少棉花生产耗水、提升棉花出口贸易、减少虚拟水外输的有效措施。