西花蓟马孤雌产雄生殖繁育的后代种群生命表的建立

孤雌生殖是西花蓟马(Frankliniella occidentalis)繁殖的一种重要方式。前期研究发现,西花蓟马在高温下,雌性的存活率远大于雄性。为探究高温处理后仅有雌性西花蓟马孤雌产雄的情况下其后代建立种群的可能性,试验设定:高温(45℃,2 h)处理西花蓟马单个雌性个体,分别进行孤雌产雄生殖后,雄性子代(F1代)与其母系回交产生F2代;高温(45℃,2 h)处理西花蓟马多个雌性个体,进行孤雌产雄生殖后,雄性子代(F1代)与亲代多个雌性个体共存情况下进行交配产生F2代。两组处理模式下建立F2代实验种群生命表。结果表明,上述两种处理模式,母代雌性个体与子代雄性个体交配后均可产生后代,雄性F1代与其母系回交产生的F2代的雌雄性比为1.05∶1;与亲代多个雌性个体共存下交配产生的F2代性比为1.55∶1。雄性F1代与其母系回交产生的F2代的平均单雌产卵量(F)和内禀增长率(rm)显著小于与亲代多个雌性个体共存下交配产生的F2代(P0.05);各龄期的平均发育历期、平均产卵前期和平均总产卵前期2个繁殖力参数以及净生殖率(R0)、平均世代周期(T)2个种群参数,前者则比后者长(P0.05);另周限增长率(λ)两者之间无显著差异。研究表明西花蓟马在孤雌产雄状态下仍然可以在短期建立种群,具有较强的抗高温能力和繁殖能力,为其成功入侵奠定了生态学基础。     

大白菜霜霉病菌寄生霜霉对氟吡菌胺的敏感性

为探明大白菜霜霉病病原菌寄生霜霉Peronospora parasitica对氟吡菌胺的敏感性,采用凹玻片保湿法和离体子叶浸泡法测定了氟吡菌胺对寄生霜霉不同生长发育阶段的抑制作用。结果表明:氟吡菌胺对寄生霜霉孢子囊萌发、芽管伸长、病斑扩展、孢囊梗形成及孢子囊产生均有不同程度的抑制作用,其中对孢子囊萌发和芽管伸长的抑制效果最显著,EC50值分别为0.113 3和0.291 8μg/m L;当氟吡菌胺质量浓度为8.00μg/m L时,对病斑扩展和产孢量的抑制率分别达到86.08%和72.48%,且对孢囊梗的产生也有显著的抑制作用。选用离体子叶浸泡法,测定了氟吡菌胺对从山东省不同地区采集分离的60株寄生霜霉菌株的毒力,发现菌株之间对药剂的敏感性差异较小,敏感性频率呈近似正态分布,其EC50值范围为0.163 2~0.802 2μg/m L,因此可以将其EC50平均值0.405 3μg/m L作为寄生霜霉对氟吡菌胺的敏感基线。     

嫩绿粘虫板对水稻稻飞虱成虫诱集监测效果

本文采用嫩绿粘虫板和灯光诱集2种方法对水稻稻飞虱成虫进行同地对比诱集监测。结果表明, 嫩绿粘虫板对3种飞虱总体、白背飞虱和褐飞虱诱集量与测报灯之间无显著差异, 其诱虫趋势与测报灯诱虫趋势基本同步或趋于一致。嫩绿粘虫板对水稻生长前中期白背飞虱迁入峰的监测优于测报灯, 表现为迁入高峰期诱虫量多和峰形明显。嫩绿粘虫板对灰飞虱诱虫量与测报灯诱虫量有明显差异, 诱虫峰次少于测报灯, 监测效果次于测报灯。气象因子、非靶标昆虫等对嫩绿粘虫板诱测无不利影响。运用嫩绿粘虫板可在非灯诱区监测点监测迁飞性白背飞虱。     

我国农业害虫性诱监测技术的开发和应用

通过多年的实验室研究,结合从2009年开始的多地、多作物、多年田间试验示范,集中研究了与重要农业害虫性诱监测密切相关的性信息素配比和剂量、种专一性、微量组分、缓释、诱捕器结构及其应用技术,解决了性信息素种间细微差别、种内地理区系差异、信息素化合物的纯化以及稳定保护和缓慢均匀释放等影响测报精准度的关键问题,开发了适应昆虫飞行行为、利于捕获收集的系列诱捕器,配合组装了成套的田间应用技术,开发了性诱自动计数系统,简化了害虫诱获鉴定操作,促进了虫情自动化记载传递,丰富了弱光性害虫监测手段,从而在一定程度上实现了害虫监测预警轻简化、标准化、自动化。分析提出为促进性诱监测技术的发展,要建立性诱监测技术的科学评价体系,并在迁飞性害虫、同种害虫的不同地理种群监测中开辟性诱技术应用的新领域。     

异色瓢虫卵巢发育及卵子发生过程观察

为明确异色瓢虫卵巢发育和卵子发生过程,采用内部解剖和石蜡切片技术,分别对异色瓢虫卵巢形态和卵母细胞组织结构进行系统观察,并对其发育阶段进行了划分。结果表明:异色瓢虫雌性内生殖器官主要由1对卵巢、1对侧输卵管、1根中输卵管、受精囊、受精囊附腺、交配囊和黏腺组成;根据有无卵室和卵黄沉积情况将其卵巢发育划分为未分化期、生长发育初期、卵黄沉积期和成熟待产期4个等级;根据卵母细胞所在位置、体积和细胞核的变化,滋养细胞和滤泡细胞的形态变化以及卵黄沉积情况,将异色瓢虫卵子发生划分为卵母细胞分化期、卵母细胞营养期和卵黄形成期3个时期7个阶段。本研究首次对异色瓢虫的卵子发生进行了观察,并初步划分了异色瓢虫卵巢发育的分级标准。     

水稻黄绿叶突变体djyg的遗传分析与基因定位

在粳稻品种Dongjin大田种植过程中,发现一个黄绿叶自然突变体,命名为djyg。该突变体在苗期表现明显的黄绿叶表型,抽穗以后,叶色逐渐恢复正常。叶绿素含量测定结果表明,在苗期、分蘖盛期及抽穗期叶绿素b的含量分别下降53%、62%、36%。电镜结果表明,分蘖期突变体中基粒、类囊体垛堆凌乱、排列疏松,类囊体基质较为稀薄。qRT-PCR结果证实,PORA、Cab1R、PsbA的表达量在突变体中均较野生型明显下调。遗传分析结果表明,黄绿叶突变体djyg由一对隐性主效核基因控制,图位克隆确定该候选基因为编码叶绿素合成酶基因YGL1的一个新等位基因。该突变体未影响植株的主要农艺性状,可作为一个理想的表型标记应用于杂交稻育种工作中。     

短时极端高温对亚洲玉米螟卵、初孵幼虫和成虫的影响

为探明短时极端高温对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)的影响,采用耐热能力测定方法,研究了亚洲玉米螟经6 h高温处理后的半数致死温度(LT50)、存活率以及不同高温下的半数致死时间(Lt50)。结果表明,经6 h高温处理后,亚洲玉米螟卵、初孵幼虫和成虫的LT50分别为40.24~40.44、38.59和42.84~44.54℃;当卵、初孵幼虫、1日龄和3日龄成虫分别在37、35、41和37℃时,其存活率与对照均无显著差异,而分别在39、37、43和39℃时,其存活率显著低于对照,卵、初孵幼虫、1日龄和3日龄成虫的短时高温阈值分别为37~39、35~37、41~43和37~39℃;当温度高于高温阈值时,卵、初孵幼虫和成虫的Lt50分别为0.38~6.31、0.22~8.35和3.80~24.15h,且雄成虫的Lt50小于雌成虫。研究表明,短时极端高温对亚洲玉米螟的存活率具有显著影响。     

Glomus mosseae bioprotection against aster yellows phytoplasma (16srI-B) and Spiroplasma citri infection in Madagascar periwinkle

The bio-control potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae against two pathogenic microorganisms aster yellows (AY) phytoplasma and Spiroplasma citri has been examined in Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus). G. mosseae had a positive influence on healthy C. roseus plants and S. citri infection. It provided bioprotection against S. citri pathogen and induced significant degree of resistance to spiroplasma infection. Besides, symptom expression significantly reduced and shoot height, leaves number, root fresh and dry weight increased in spiroplasma-infected plants treated with mycorrhiza fungus. Although, G. mosseae had no positive effect on phytoplasma disease. The root architectures were affected by the phytoplasma pathogen, and the root surface area dramatically decreased in G. mosseae treated AY-infected periwinkles compared with the control. Nitrogen and Phosphorus concentrations notably increased in spiroplasma + G. mosseae compared with control plants. Potassium concentration did not differ significantly in all mycorrhizal treated and untreated infected plants except in G. mosseae treated healthy plants. The spore density and root colonization rate did not vary in both pathogen treatments G. mosseae + spiroplasma and G. mosseae + phytoplasma. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing the bioprotective effect of G. mosseae on S. citri. The possible mechanisms involved in complex interaction between plants, cell wall-less bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are discussed and the underlying mechanisms for the functioning of AMF are hypothesized.     

北京地区粘虫对5种杀虫剂的抗药性

采用浸叶法测定了北京地区6个粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)田间种群对5种不同类型杀虫剂的抗药性。结果表明:与相对敏感品系相比,6个田间种群对5种杀虫剂均表现出不同程度的抗性水平。其中,对氯虫苯甲酰胺(抗性倍数为1.314~4.213)、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(抗性倍数为1.000~4.385)和毒死蜱(抗性倍数为1.083~5.936)表现为敏感至低水平抗性;对虫螨腈(抗性倍数为1.355~20.80)和氯氟氰菊酯(抗性倍数为1.748~13.98)表现为敏感至中等水平抗性。因此,北京地区的粘虫防治应注重将氯虫苯甲酰胺、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和毒死蜱与虫螨腈或氯氟氰菊酯交替或轮换使用,以延缓抗药性的产生与发展。     

Interactions between the tillage system and crop rotation on the crop yield and weed populations under arid conditions

Field experiments were conducted in Iran in order to determine the interactions between the tillage system and crop rotation on weed seedling populations and crop yields from 2002 to 2005. No tillage, shallow tillage and deep tillage were the main plots and three crop sequences comprising continuous wheat (W‐W), wheat–canola–wheat–canola (C‐W) and wheat–safflower–wheat–safflower (S‐W) were the subplots. Bromus japonicus, Carthumus lanatus, Polygonum aviculare, Lolium temulentum and Avena ludoviciana were found to be the dominant species. The initial weed population in 2002 was estimated at 65 seedlings per m² and B. japonicus (～35 seedlings per m²) was the most abundant species, followed by A. ludoviciana and L. temulentum. The dominant weed species mostly did not favor the combination of S‐W and C‐W with any tillage type. For the B. japonicus population, S‐W in combination with moldboard plowing indicated the lowest seedling population. In conclusion, the crop sequence in combination with tillage would help to control troublesome weed species. Safflower and canola were determined to be effective in reducing the grass weeds. The inclusion of these crops in rotation also increased the total revenue of the cropping systems because of the higher sale price of canola and safflower.