番茄潜叶蛾成虫卵巢发育与卵子发生研究

明确雌成虫的卵巢发育及其卵子发生有利于害虫发生期和发生量的准确预测及其防治适期的确定。本研究在观察重大外来入侵害虫番茄潜叶蛾Tuta absoluta雌成虫生殖系统结构和卵巢发育级别的基础上,进一步比较了营养条件和是否交配处理,即未交配+清水、未交配+20%葡萄糖溶液、交配+清水、交配+20%葡萄糖溶液条件下番茄潜叶蛾的卵子发生动态。结果显示：雌成虫生殖系统主要包括卵巢、输卵管、附腺、交配囊、阴道支囊、受精囊及受精囊腺等组织;左右两侧卵巢的卵巢管数大多相等,各含4根卵巢管;卵巢发育进度可分为卵黄沉积前期（Ⅰ级）、卵黄沉积期（Ⅱ级）、成熟待产期（Ⅲ级）、产卵盛期（Ⅳ级）和产卵末期（Ⅴ级）5个级别。雌成虫只取食清水也可持续形成成熟卵子,未交配雌虫卵子数量于羽化72 h达到高峰,发育至96 h时显著减少,并观察到卵子重吸收现象。取食20%葡萄糖溶液可显著促进雌虫的卵子发生,其成熟卵子、总卵子数在羽化后24 h均显著多于取食清水;雌虫发生卵重吸收后,补充取食20%葡萄糖溶液,卵巢内各类卵子数显著增加。交配对雌成虫卵子发生有明显促进作用,取食20%葡萄糖溶液或清水的交配雌虫,羽化96 h后,成熟卵子数均显著多于未交配雌虫。研究结果可为该入侵害虫的田间生态调控提供依据。     

白纹伊蚊卵黄发生的观察

以白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus为材料,对其卵子发生的卵黄物质形成过程进行了显微观察。结果显示,卵子和卵母细胞的长度变化显著,呈现先平稳后快速增长直至稳定的发育特点;在吸血后31h内,卵黄物质快速、急剧地在卵母细胞中沉积,至吸血51h,卵黄物质在卵母细胞中的比例达到峰值(100%)。根据卵子中卵母细胞、滋养细胞、滤泡细胞体积、形态的变化,卵黄物质的形成与积累,将白纹伊蚊卵黄发生分为2个时期7个阶段,并描述了各个阶段卵母细胞和滤泡细胞的形态特征、卵黄物质进入卵母细胞并最终充满整个卵子的过程。     

野蚕黑卵蜂雌性内生殖器官的结构及其发育

报道了野蚕黑卵蜂成虫雌性内生殖器官的结构及其发育的系统观察结果。雌性成虫内生殖器官包括一对卵巢、两条侧输卵管、中输卵管、受精囊和附腺。成虫期卵巢生长速度随日龄是先增大后减小,但卵子随日龄是增大后并不下降,而且卵子成熟量一直保持较高水平,显示该蜂具有较强的生殖力。成虫期内其它生殖器官一般随日龄的增长而增大,达到一定程度后基本保持稳定。     

交配对麦蛾卵巢形态及卵子发生的影响

为明确交配前后麦蛾Sitotroga cerealella雌成虫生殖系统中的组织形态及结构变化,利用光学体视显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察麦蛾卵巢形态及卵子的发生情况,并探究交配对卵巢及卵子发生的影响。结果表明,麦蛾卵巢的发育主要分为5个级别：卵巢发育初期（I 级,初羽化雌成虫）、成熟待产期（II 级）、产卵初期（III 级）、产卵盛期（IV 级）以及产卵末期（V 级）;卵子的发生主要分为卵黄发生期、卵黄成熟期和卵黄消亡期3个阶段。未交配雌成虫的卵巢发育停留在成熟待产期,而交配后72 h内雌成虫的卵巢管长度、总卵粒数和成熟卵粒数均随羽化时间的延长呈先上升后下降的趋势,且均在成熟待产期向产卵初期过渡时达到最高值;交配更有利于促进卵子的发育成熟。     

桃蛀螟卵巢发育过程及其与温度的关系

本文明确了桃蛀螟的雌性生殖系统由1对卵巢、1对侧输卵管、1根中输卵管、1个交配囊和1个受精囊组成。依据雌性生殖系统发育的典型特征,即卵巢小管形态、卵粒的成熟度、脂肪体的多少及形态,将卵巢发育过程分为乳白透明期(Ⅰ级)、卵黄沉积期(Ⅱ级)、成熟待产期(Ⅲ级)、产卵盛期(Ⅳ级)及产卵末期(Ⅴ级)5个发育时期。在温度为20、25℃和30℃下,桃蛀螟初羽化成虫完成卵巢发育的全部过程(Ⅰ级~Ⅴ级)所需时间分别为11.43、9.38、8.62 d。经推算, 桃蛀螟卵巢各级(Ⅰ级~Ⅴ级)的发育起点温度分别为22.88、21.1、16.55、18.44、11.19℃,有效积温分别为0.37、4.45、23.22、35.10日·度和125.91 日·度。根据不同温度下卵巢发育的速度,建立了卵巢发育速率的预测模型,这为桃蛀螟的短期精准预报提供了科学依据。     

松墨天牛卵巢发育特点和灭幼脲对其不育效应的影响

研究了松墨天牛卵巢发育与灭幼脲不育效应的关系,松墨天牛雌成虫羽化后即进入卵黄沉积期。卵巢发育分为3个阶段:卵黄沉积初期、卵黄沉积盛期和成熟期。灭幼脲对成虫不育效应与卵的成熟发育状况密切相关。灭幼脲经雌虫传递入子代卵内的时期为卵黄沉积期,尤其是卵黄沉积盛期。试验表明:只要灭幼脲施用时期与卵黄发生期一致,即可产生高效不育活性。     

短梗长尾啮小蜂雌性生殖系统结构与卵巢发育特点

关于短梗长尾啮小蜂Aprostocetus brevipedicellus卵巢结构和发育的相关研究在国内外尚无报道。本研究对短梗长尾啮小蜂的雌性生殖系统结构、卵子形态及卵巢发育特点进行了观察。结果表明,短梗长尾啮小蜂雌性内生殖系统由1对卵巢、1对侧输卵管、1条中输卵管、受精囊、毒囊等组成;雌性外生殖器由产卵管、产卵管鞘、内瓣和外瓣构成。同时,短梗长尾啮小蜂属于卵育型寄生蜂,雌蜂初羽化时卵巢内只含有少量成熟卵子,随着营养的补充和时间的推移,成熟卵子和总卵子数量逐渐增加,并在羽化后72 h数量达到最高值。此外,研究发现,卵巢管内成熟卵子数量和总卵子数量与雌蜂的体长均呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.936和0.941。以上研究结果为科学合理地研究和开发利用短梗长尾啮小蜂提供了理论基础。     

二点委夜蛾卵巢发育的形态变化过程及分级标准

二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone是夏玉米苗期的一种重要害虫。为了对该虫进行有效预测预报,对其卵巢发育的形态变化过程进行了观察并分级。将室内饲养的二点委夜蛾雌蛹按不同日龄进行解剖,雌成虫按每12 h进行解剖,观察不同时间卵巢的发育情况,并测量卵巢管长度及第一卵室长度和宽度。二点委夜蛾的卵巢形成于蛹期并在蛹期完成其基本形态发育过程,具有1对卵巢,各由4根卵巢管组成。根据有无卵粒和卵黄沉积情况可将其卵巢发育分为5个时期:未分化期(Ⅰ级);乳白透明期(Ⅱ级);卵黄沉积期(Ⅲ级);成熟待产期(Ⅳ级);产卵末期(Ⅴ级)。从发育进度来看,蛹期是卵巢大小和卵巢管长度快速增长的阶段。蛹期第3天开始出现卵巢形态分化,卵粒发生始见于蛹期第5天至第6天,到蛹期第7天卵巢形态结构即发育完成。羽化后雌虫卵巢继续发育,卵粒不断膨大、卵巢管逐渐增长并出现卵黄沉积,至羽化后48～60 h卵巢管第一卵室长和宽及卵巢管的长度均已达到最大值,分别为0.58 mm±0.01 mm、0.55 mm±0.01 mm以及16.91 mm±0.58 mm。本研究明确了二点委夜蛾卵巢发育的形态变化过程和分级标准,为二点委夜蛾的生殖生理学研究提供理论基础,并为该虫的预测预报提供依据。     

红颈常室茧蜂雌性生殖系统及卵巢管形态学观察

利用光学显微镜和透射电镜观察红颈常室茧蜂Peristenus spretus Chen et van Achterberg雌性生殖系统结构、卵巢发育和卵子发生、卵子超微结构，并对15℃和23℃饲养条件下不同日龄的雌蜂卵巢管长度、卵巢管内卵室大小与成熟度进行了比较，揭示了该茧蜂雌性生殖系统结构与特征。结果表明：1）红颈常室茧蜂生殖系统结构主要包括一对卵巢、2条输卵管、中输卵管等；2）雌成虫在羽化前期（1～3 d）卵巢内的成熟卵粒较少，卵巢管内含有大量的卵原细胞，卵子内充满了大量的脂滴，中后期（5～11 d）随着脂肪体的降解吸收，卵子内逐渐新生一些线粒体、高尔基体等细胞器，其内存在滋养细胞、卵母细胞，并且滋养细胞无细胞膜存在。3）同一温度不同日龄红颈常室茧蜂卵粒数、成熟卵子数均差异显著，23℃下红颈常室茧蜂每条卵巢管内的日均卵子数20.70粒，显著高于15℃的日均卵子数18.65粒。     

越北腹露蝗卵巢发育程度的分级研究

越北腹露蝗是广东北部地区的重要害虫。根据越北腹露蝗卵巢发育形态特征的变化,可分为Ⅰ级(透明期),Ⅱ级(卵黄沉淀期),Ⅲ级(卵粒形成期,侧输卵管膨大为卵巢萼),Ⅳ级(成熟待产期,卵储存于卵巢萼),Ⅴ级(产卵期)共5个级别。研究结果可应用于该蝗虫产卵期的预测预报。     

释放异色瓢虫对北京温室甜椒和圆茄上桃蚜的控害效果

为评价异色瓢虫在温室条件下对桃蚜的控害能力及效益,在甜椒和圆茄生产温室中以生物农药防治为对照,开展释放异色瓢虫控制桃蚜的示范试验,分析天敌害虫的种群动态变化,并计算防治成本。结果显示:异色瓢虫能够持续控制甜椒温室中桃蚜种群密度,其定殖率在蚜虫暴发高峰期时最高,为64%;且甜椒产量及经济效益高于生物农药防治。在圆茄温室中,前期释放的异色瓢虫使桃蚜高峰延缓1周出现;在增加瓢虫释放量后,1周内桃蚜种群密度下降了79%,且瓢虫定殖率达到86%,控害效果较好。表明通过生产期全程监测天敌-害虫的种群动态,在植株定植15 d后每周确定益害比,通过2~3个月持续释放异色瓢虫,可有效、持续控制整个生产期桃蚜为害。     

The effect of lufenuron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, on oogenesis of Rhodnius prolixus

The effects of lufenuron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, on oogenesis of Rhodnius prolixus were evaluated. Lufenuron-treated females lay eggs that are pink, but change color with time, acquiring a gray color. The eggs are abnormal in shape and become dehydrated. The percentage of eggs that hatch is decreased compared with the eggs from non-treated females. Digestion of ovaries with KOH yielded an insoluble white material, which was identified as chitin based on infrared and proton NMR spectral analyses along with standard commercial chitin. Glucosamine was detected by HPLC as the major product of acid hydrolysis of the KOH-insoluble material prepared from the ovary. Furthermore, presence of chitin in ovary was confirmed through fluorescent microscopy technique using a wheat germ agglutinin probe and by re-treatment with Streptomyces griseus chitinase that resulted in reduction of chitin-derived fluorescence. Micrographs of ovaries, from animals treated with lufenuron, showed some space between the follicular epithelium and the oocyte membrane. The in vivo incorporation of radioactive N-acetylglucosamine into chitin was inhibited by the presence of lufenuron. These data suggest that chitin present in ovaries of R. prolixus is an important component of the eggs and is involved in oogenesis. Exposure to lufenuron reduces the size of oocytes, number of chorionated oocytes, and also the incorporation of N-acetylglucosamine into chitin in the ovaries. In addition, lufenuron-induced oosorption, decreased the number of eggs laid, modified egg shape and color and reduced the viability of the eggs. Therefore, chitin or chitin-like component of ovaries may be considered as a new target for controlling R. prolixus populations.     

枸杞奈实蝇幼期各虫态的形态发育特征

为探明枸杞奈实蝇Neoceratitis asiatica幼期各虫态的形态发育特性,采用田间取样和室内饲养相结合的方法对其卵、幼虫、蛹的生长发育过程、形态变化及识别特征进行系统观察,通过测量口钩和头咽骨的长度来划分幼虫龄期,解剖并观察不同发育时期蛹及蛹壳颜色,利用图像分析系统提取并分析蛹壳颜色的RGB值。结果表明：枸杞奈实蝇卵的发育可分为初期卵、口钩显现期卵和破壳期卵3个阶段。幼虫分为3个龄期,均具有1对能够自由收缩的骨化口钩及头咽骨,其形态和大小在各龄幼虫之间存在明显差异。预蛹期是从幼虫到蛹蜕变的过渡时期,蛹的形态发育呈规律性变化,可分为隐头蛹期和显头蛹期2个阶段,显头蛹期又可细分为显头蛹初期、黄色眼期、红色眼期、鬃毛蛹期及预成虫期5个阶段。蛹壳颜色随蛹的发育呈不均衡加深趋势,在预蛹期、鬃毛蛹期和预成虫期变化尤为明显。根据蛹壳颜色的RGB值,可制作对应不同发育阶段的蛹壳颜色标准比色板,用于枸杞奈实蝇的发育生物学及防治技术研究。     

Establishment ofHarmonia axyridis on Citrus and Some Data on Its Phenology in Greece

In September 1993, a colony ofHarmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera:Coccinellidae) was imported from France into Greece. In 1994, insectary-reared adults were released in 11 citrus orchards in four citrus-growing areas of Greece. Between May 19 and June 8, 1994,H. axyridis was recovered from a total of seven localities in three of these areas. This species was established on orange, mandarin and sour orange trees heavily infested withToxoptera aurantii, Aphis spiraecola andA. gossypii; its absence from the remaining four localities may have been the result of low prey densities. Twenty-three days after the initial releases,H. axyridis larvae comprised 57.9% and 83.3%, respectively, of the aphidophagous coccinellid larval populations in two localities (on Chios Island). In samples taken at Leonidion 43 days after the introduction release, both adult and larval populations ofH. axyridis represented approximately one-third of aphidophagous coccinellid adults and larvae found, whereas the indigenousAdalia bipunctata comprised about one-half of the population. In cages placed outside the Athens laboratory,H. axyridis completed four overlapping generations annually; average longevities of 56.2, 66.8, 78.9 and 102.2 days, respectively, were recorded for the successive generations. Adults of the 3rd and 4th generations overwintered, giving rise to the following year’s 1st generation. Oviposition began in April and emergence of 1st generation adults occurred in mid-May. The egg-laying activity of the females throughout the warm period of the year indicates thatH. axyridis does not diapause in summer. From December until March, small aggregations (2-4 individuals) were observed within the cages at protected sites.     

不同水稻挥发物对稻虱红螯蜂雌蜂的引诱作用

为了解水稻挥发物在稻虱红螯蜂雌蜂寻找寄主过程中的作用,采用触角电位仪和Y-型嗅觉仪测定了稻虱红螯蜂雌蜂对不同水稻挥发物的触角电位（electroantennogram,EAG）反应和行为反应。不同生育期水稻挥发物中,稻虱红螯蜂雌蜂对幼苗期挥发物的EAG反应最强烈,显著高于分蘖期及抽穗期。行为测定显示中优5617和湘优109幼苗期稻株挥发物对稻虱红螯蜂雌蜂具有显著引诱作用。稻虱红螯蜂雌蜂对虫害植株挥发物的EAG反应最强烈,与健康植株和机械损伤植株之间均存在显著差异。稻虱红螯蜂雌蜂明显趋向于湘优109、黔香优302和宜香481三个品种的虫害处理植株。结果表明,幼苗和虫害稻株挥发物在稻虱红螯蜂雌蜂寻找寄主过程中起到了重要作用。     

异色瓢虫对苹果-蛇床草微景观中两种蚜虫的捕食功能反应及选择偏好性

为评估异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis对苹果-蛇床草微景观中2种寄主上绣线菊蚜Aphis spiraecola和胡萝卜微管蚜Semiaphis heraclei的生物防治潜能,在实验室条件下测定异色瓢虫1~4龄幼虫和雌、雄成虫对2种蚜虫3~4龄若蚜的捕食功能反应、寻找效应以及捕食偏好性。结果表明,异色瓢虫1~4龄幼虫和雌、雄成虫对绣线菊蚜和胡萝卜微管蚜的捕食功能反应均符合Holling Ⅱ型功能反应类型,其中,雌成虫对绣线菊蚜的捕食能力最强,为411.284,雄成虫对胡萝卜微管蚜的捕食能力最强,为356.403; 2龄幼虫对绣线菊蚜的瞬时攻击率最大,为1.231,3龄幼虫对胡萝卜微管蚜的瞬时攻击率最大,为1.277。异色瓢虫各虫态对绣线菊蚜和胡萝卜微管蚜的寻找效应均随着蚜虫密度的升高而降低。当2种蚜虫共存且总密度为60头/皿时,不同密度比例下异色瓢虫对2种蚜虫均无显著偏好性;当总密度为240头/皿,绣线菊蚜与胡萝卜微管蚜的密度比例为1:5、2:4、3:3和4:2时异色瓢虫对绣线菊蚜表现出显著的偏好性,而在密度比例为1:5、3:3和4:2时异色瓢虫对胡萝卜微管蚜表现出显著的负偏好性。表明异色瓢虫对苹果-蛇床草微景观中绣线菊蚜的防控潜能更好。     

健康和虫害菜豆对二斑叶螨、西花蓟马发育及繁殖的影响

为明确西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis （Pergande）和二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch取食的菜豆对后取食昆虫的影响,研究了二斑叶螨和西花蓟马分别取食健康和虫（螨）害菜豆时生长发育和繁殖情况,并组建生命表,比较生命参数的异同。二斑叶螨取食健康菜豆和西花蓟马2龄若虫为害菜豆时未成熟期没有明显区别,但各螨态的存活率在健康菜豆上较高;取食健康菜豆时,雌成螨寿命为24.56 d,内禀增长率为0.2640,均高于取食西花蓟马为害菜豆。西花蓟马的未成熟期取食两种菜豆时也没有明显的区别,但二斑叶螨为害菜豆使西花蓟马的存活率下降;西花蓟马雌成虫平均寿命和单雌日产卵量在健康菜豆上分别为33.35 d和4.02粒,显著高于螨害菜豆,在健康菜豆上净增殖率也较高,为40.4264。研究表明,西花蓟马或二斑叶螨为害后的叶片对后取食害虫的生长发育影响不大,但对其存活率和繁殖均产生不利影响,西花蓟马和二斑叶螨取食诱导菜豆产生了一定的防御反应。     

Dietary effects upon biological performance and lambda-cyhalothrin susceptibility in the multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis

Considered a generalist species among the coccinellids, the multicolored Asian lady beetle Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) feeds upon small arthropods and non-prey plant products, a practice which might enhance its ability to colonize various ecosystems but carries the potential to expose it to prey quality variation and insecticide use. Thus, we examined the effect of four different diets on the development, reproduction, and response to the insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin in this species. Three groups of larvae received laboratory-reared diets: (i) eggs of Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) (Ak); (ii) eggs of Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) (Sc); and (iii) eggs of A. kuehniella + S. cerealella at the proportion 1:1; and one group received wild-caught cotton aphids, Aphis gossypii Glover (Ag). Notwithstanding the generalist feeding behavior of H. axyridis, development and reproduction results were superior with diets of Ag or Ak compared with the diet combining 1:1 Ak + Sc or the diet of Sc eggs only. Furthermore, the Sc diet did not result in satisfactory development and reproduction. Despite this significant variation in biological responses, insecticide susceptibility studies using adults that had been reared on these diets showed no statistically significant differences in susceptibility to the lambda-cyhalothrin.     

不同土壤质地对禾谷孢囊线虫侵染及种群动态的影响

为明确不同土壤质地对禾谷孢囊线虫Heterodera avenae发生危害的影响,分别测试了6种土壤质地中禾谷孢囊线虫的侵染、发育及其种群动态。结果显示：在整个小麦生长季,不同土质中禾谷孢囊线虫2龄幼虫（J2）的种群变化趋势一致。冬前土壤中少量线虫孵化,11月下旬各种土质中J2种群密度达到10.8~14.2条/100 mL土壤;4月初为J2发生高峰期,其种群密度为54.6~77.1条/100 mL土壤,且土壤中含壤土比例越高J2数量越大;J2在壤土与砂土比为6：1和1：0土壤中侵入根系的数量最多,单株根系J2数量为672.7~685.0条,且土壤中砂土比例越大J2侵入数量越少,相应地根系内3龄幼虫和形成的孢囊数量也越少;不同土质中不同时期孢囊内虫口减退率不同,但在生长季末不同土质中孢囊内虫口总减退率无显著差异。研究表明,土质对孢囊内虫口减退率无影响,土质沙性越大越不利于禾谷孢囊线虫的发生危害。