玉米籽粒早期发育相关蛋白的差异表达特性

玉米籽粒发育早期,代谢活动旺盛,细胞分裂与增大活跃,为后续贮藏物质的合成形成充足库容。为阐明籽粒早期发育的蛋白合成、积累与调控过程,本研究以夏玉米品种登海661为试验材料,在开花期人工饱和授粉后第3、第5、第10天取果穗中部籽粒,利用同位素标记相对定量(iTRAQ)技术分析其蛋白差异表达特性。玉米籽粒早期发育阶段总计鉴定及定量2639种蛋白,这些蛋白涉及多种生物过程与分子功能,其中代谢过程和分子过程是最主要的2个生物过程;催化活性和绑定功能是最主要的2个分子功能,这些生物过程与分子功能对籽粒早期发育具有重要作用。定量分析结果表明137种蛋白在籽粒发育早期显著差异表达,其功能涉及蛋白代谢、胁迫响应、细胞生长与分裂、碳水化合物与能量代谢、转运、次生物质代谢、淀粉合成、转录、油脂代谢、信号转导、氨基酸代谢等。其中,表达差异较大的是与蛋白代谢、胁迫响应、细胞生长与分裂以及碳水化合物与能量代谢相关的蛋白。表达模式聚类结果显示这些不同功能类别的蛋白协同表达,共同调控玉米籽粒的早期发育。     

普通烟草β-胡萝卜素羟化酶2基因克隆与生物信息学分析

β-胡萝卜素羟化酶(beta-carotene hydroxylase,BCH)是植物类胡萝卜素合成代谢中的关键限速酶,为获得烟草β-胡萝卜素羟化酶2(NtBCH2)基因序列,采用同源克隆法从烟草中分离NtBCH2的基因组DNA序列,基因登录号为JX101477。结果表明:1)同源克隆法从烟草中克隆出NtBCH2基因,NtBCH2基因组DNA全长2131bp,cDNA为1 083bp,含7个外显子和6个内含子。2)NtBCH2蛋白有309个氨基酸,分子量为34.79kD,具有7个糖基化位点,11个磷酸化位点,4个跨膜域。3)系统发育树与BLAST分析表明,NtBCH2是番茄的SlBCH和辣椒CaBCH2的同源基因;GENEVESTIGATOR数据库芯片结果表明,NtBCH2在幼嫩的茎和子叶中表达量最高。     

Development of IP and SCAR markers linked to the yellow seed color gene in Brassica juncea L.

Previous studies showed that the yellow seed color gene of a yellow mustard was located on the A09 chromosome. In this study, the sequences of the molecular markers linked to the yellow seed color gene were analyzed, the gene was primarily mapped to an interval of 23.304 to 29.402M. Twenty genes and eight markers’ sequences in this region were selected to design the IP and SCAR primers. These primers were used to screen a BC₈S₁ population consisting of 1256 individuals. As a result, five IP and five SCAR markers were successfully developed. IP4 and Y1 were located on either side of the yellow seed color gene at a distance of 0.1 and 0.3 cM, respectively. IP1, IP2 and IP3 derived from Bra036827, Bra036828, Bra036829 separately, co-segregated with the target gene. BLAST analysis indicated that the sequences of newly developed markers showed good collinearity with those of the A09 chromosome, and that the target gene might exist between 27.079 and 27.616M. In light of annotations of the genes in this region, only Bra036828 is associated with flavonoid biosynthesis. This gene has high similarity with the TRANSPARENT TESTA6 gene, Bra036828 was hence identified as being the gene possibly responsible for yellow seed color, in our research.     

Detecting interactive effects of N fertilization and heat stress on maize productivity by remote sensing techniques

The objective of this study was to compare the performance of two different remotely sensed techniques in detecting the effects of terminal heat stress and N fertilization on final maize aerial biomass (AB) and grain yield (GY). The study was conducted under field conditions for two consecutive growing seasons. Six N treatments combining three doses [0, 100, 200 Kg N ha⁻¹] and two timings [at V4 and at 15 days before silking] were applied. Within each N treatment three heat treatments were applied (pre-flowering, post-flowering and the control treatment at ambient air temperature). Remote sensing measurements were taken with a multispectral band camera to measure the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and a digital Red/Green/Blue (RGB) camera to measure the normalized green red difference index (NGRDI). Both indices failed to predict the GY of pre-flowering heat-treated plants due to grain set establishment problems that could not be detected by vegetation indices which are designed to capture differences in green canopy area. In contrast, both the NGRDI and the NDVI correlated positively with GY and AB in the control heat treatment and to a lesser extent in the post-flowering heat treatment. Under the control heat treatment, the NGRDI exhibited higher correlations with AB and GY than the NDVI across the N fertilization treatments. Since the NGRDI is formulated based only on the reflectance in the visible regions (VIS) of the spectrum (Green and Red) without dependence on the near infrared regions (NIR), it performs better than the NDVI. This is because it overcame the reported saturation patterns at high leaf area index and was more efficient at capturing even small differences in leaf colour (chlorophyll content) due to the different applied N treatments. Also, the NGRDI seemed to be a more seasonally independent parameter than the NDVI, which is more affected by temporal variability within the field, and thus the NGRDI predicted AB and GY better than the NDVI when combining the data of the two growing seasons.     

Dense planting with less basal nitrogen fertilization might benefit rice cropping for high yield with less environmental impacts

Dense planting and less basal nitrogen (N) fertilization have been recommended to further increase rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain yield and N use efficiency (NUE), respectively. The objective of this study was to evaluate the integrative impacts of dense planting with reduced basal N application (DR) on rice yield, NUE and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Field experiments with one conventional sparse planting (CK) and four treatments of dense planting (increased seedlings per hill) with less basal N application were conducted in northeast China from 2012 to 2013. In addition, a two-factor experiment was conducted to isolate the effect of planting density and basal N rate on CH₄ emission in 2013. Our results show that an increase in planting density by about 50% with a correspondingly reduction in basal N rate by about 30% (DR1 and DR2) enhanced NUE by 14.3–50.6% and rice grain yield by 0.5–7.4% over CK. Meanwhile, DR1 and DR2 reduced GWP by 6.4–12.6% and yield-scaled GWP by 7.0–17.0% over CK. According to the two-factor experiment, soil CH₄ production and oxidation and CH₄ emission were not affected by planting density. However, reduced basal N rate decreased CH₄ emission due to it significantly reduced soil CH₄ production with a smaller reduction in soil CH₄ oxidation. The above results indicate that moderate dense planting with less basal N application might be an environment friendly mode for rice cropping for high yield and NUE with less GHG emissions.     

测墒补灌深度对济麦22冠层光截获和荧光特性及籽粒产量的影响

测墒补灌是近年开发的一种小麦节水栽培新技术,水分管理的土层深度是该技术的关键因素之一。本研究以济麦22为试验品种,于2013—2014和2014—2015年度在山东兖州进行大田试验,设置4个测墒补灌土层深度,补灌至目标土层拔节期相对含水量70%和开花期相对含水量75%,以定量灌溉(拔节期和开花期各灌水60 mm)和全生育期不灌水处理为对照,通过测定花后0~30 d灌浆阶段小麦冠层光截获特性、群体光合速率、旗叶荧光特性,以及最终籽粒产量和水分利用效率,以明确测墒补灌达到增产的光合基础及最佳土层。当补灌土层为0~20 cm时,灌水量为50.1~51.2 mm,小麦叶面积指数、冠层光合有效辐射截获量、冠层光截获率和群体光合速率,以及旗叶实际光化学效率(ΦPSII)和最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)在各灌水处理中最低;补灌土层为0~40 cm时,灌水量为73.1~93.1 mm,上述前4项指标比补灌深度20 cm时依次提高6.0%~42.4%、8.5%~27.9%、6.7%~14.5%、11.0%~14.6%,同时旗叶ΦPSII和Fv/Fm亦显著提高;补灌深度加大至60 cm(灌水量87.5~105.4 cm)和80 cm(灌水量101.8~115.0 cm)时,这些指标无显著增加。与光合特性相关指标一致,籽粒产量也表现为补灌深度大于40 cm的3个处理间无显著差异,且与定量灌溉对照无显著差异,但都显著高于补灌深度20 cm处理。在本试验条件下,对0~40 cm土层实施测墒补灌,较定量灌溉减少用水26.9~46.9 mm,水分利用效率提高16.2%~16.7%,灌溉效益增加34.0%~68.1%,说明在类似生态条件下,中穗型小麦品种济麦22测墒补灌节水栽培技术的目标土层为0~40 cm。     

干旱胁迫下山栏稻与栽培水稻品种苗期表型性状及生理差异

测定了在干旱胁迫条件下,山栏稻苗期的株高、叶面积等农艺性状以及叶片脯氨酸含量、MDA含量等生理指标,采用隶属函数法评估山栏稻抗旱能力。结果表明,在干旱胁迫下,山栏稻降低了地上部分的生物量并增加了地下部分的生物量,同时,山栏稻叶绿素含量、MDA含量以及脯氨酸含量均有不同程度的提高;所选山栏稻品种的隶属函数值为0.521和0.673。综合实验数据和田间观察,初步判断山栏稻苗期具有较强的抗旱特性。     

转Bt基因抗虫棉对棉铃虫的抗性分析

用常规棉和不同品种的转Bt基因抗虫棉分别饲喂棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera),对棉铃虫幼虫生长发育过程中各生物学指标的变化进行室内观察分析。结果表明,不同品种的转Bt基因抗虫棉之间对棉铃虫幼虫体重和死亡率的影响程度由大到小依次为JK-1、DB、D16、新陆早36,另外,取食转Bt基因抗虫棉叶片之后棉铃虫幼虫的化蛹率比取食常规棉叶片的棉铃虫幼虫的化蛹率减少12.5%~30.0%,蛹重减轻15.6%~41.9%,羽化率降低5.5%~80.0%。     

比重分级对杂交水稻种子发芽、出苗和产量的影响

以杂交水稻品种陆两优996和两优培九的商品种子为试验材料,以盐水溶液将种子精选分级为比重1.0(T1)、1.0~1.09(T2)、1.1~1.19(T3)、≥1.2(T4)等不同等级,以未精选的种子为对照(CK),研究比重分级对种子发芽出苗、秧苗素质及产量的影响。结果表明,种子精选分级后,处理T2、T3、T4种子的发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、出苗率、成秧率均不同程度高于CK,T1处理则显著低于CK;与未分级的商品种子对照相比,T2、T3、T4处理均增产显著,增产的原因是单位面积有效穗数和每穗总粒数增加。     

Identification of favorable alleles in the <Emphasis Type="Italic">non</Emphasis>-<Emphasis Type="Italic">yellow coloring 1</Emphasis> gene by association mapping in maize

Association mapping was conducted to explore favorable alleles of the chlorophyll-related non-yellow coloring 1 (NYC1) gene under light and dark using an association panel of 146 maize inbred lines. A total of 14 polymorphic sites were identified to be significantly associated with at least one of the chlorophyll-related traits at the seedling stage. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (S320, S2951, S3901, and S3355) from the NYC1 gene were respectively strongly associated with chlorophyll b (chlb), the ratio of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b (chl_ratio), chlorophyll a degradation (chla_deg), and total chlorophyll degradation (total_chl_deg). SNPs S320 (C/A) in exon 1, and S2951 (A/G) in intron 8 was related to chlb, with 6.01 and 8.89% of phenotypic variation under light treatment, respectively. Under dark treatment, SNP S3901 (C/T), located in 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR), was associated with chl_ratio, explaining 7.01% of the observed phenotypic variation, whereas SNP S3355 (C/G) in intron 9 explained 6.48 and 5.18% of phenotypic variations in chla_deg and total_chl_deg, respectively. Taken together, these results indicated that the NYC1 gene plays an important role in chlorophyll content and other related traits, and different sites act on chlorophyll metabolism under different light intensities in maize seedlings. Furthermore, these findings improve our understanding of the genetic basis of chlorophyll metabolism under different light conditions.