Factors Influencing the Retrogradation of Two Rice Starches in Low-Molecular-Weight Saccharide Solutions

The complicated effects of added sugars and maltodextrins (5–20%) on the retrogradation of starch gels were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic rheometry. One indica (Kaoshiung Sen 7, KSS7) and one japonica (Tainung 67, TNu67) rice starch with well-defined physico-chemical properties were used to clarify changes in re-crystallisation behaviour of starch components due to the addition of saccharides at different concentrations. The sugars showed marked suppression effects on the short-term retrogradation of KSS7, and both short- and long-term retrogradation of TNu67 gels. The suppressing effect of the sugars depended not only on sugar concentration, but also on the starch variety and the aging period. Maltodextrins with high average-degree of polymerisation exhibited a high retrogradation-promoting capability, especially in TNu67 gels on the first day. The addition of sugars and maltodextrins at 5–20% generally had little effect on the correlation between the storage modulus and the retrogradation enthalpy of starch gels.     

Silymarin inhibits adipogenesis in the adipocytes in grass carp <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ctenopharyngodon idellus</Emphasis> in vitro and in vivo

In this study, two experiments were performed to explore the function of silymarin in adipogenesis in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) using in vitro and in vivo models. In experiment 1, differentiated grass carp pre-adipocytes were treated with silymarin for 6 days. Treatment with 100 μg mL^?1silymarin (SM100 group) significantly reduced triglyceride accumulation at day 6. The adipogenic gene expression levels of PPARγ, C/EBPα, SREBP1c, FAS, SCD1, and LPL, and the protein expression level of PPARγ were significantly down-regulated in the SM100 group. Additionally, the SM100 group had significantly lower reactive oxygen species production and reduced glutathione contents compared with the control in vitro. In experiment 2, the juvenile grass carp (mean body weight= 27.4 ± 0.17 g) were fed six isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets in a factorial design containing 0, 100, or 200 mg kg^?1 silymarin (SM0, SM100, SM200) associated with either 4 or 8% lipid levels (low lipid, LL, and high lipid, HL, respectively) for 82 days. The results demonstrated that dietary silymarin supplementation significantly reduced the elevated intraperitoneal fat index in grass carp fed with high-lipid diets, and the gene expression of adipogenesis (PPARγ, FAS) when supplemented with dietary silymarin was notably lower than when no silymarin was supplemented under the high-lipid diets. Thus, our data suggest that silymarin suppressed lipid accumulation in grass carp both in vitro and in vivo, and the effect might be due to an influence on the expression of adipogenesis factors and ROS production partly associated with effects on antioxidant capability.     

乳酸链球菌素及大黄组方对子宫内膜炎大鼠结肠的影响

为研究乳酸链球菌素(Nisin)及大黄组方对患子宫内膜炎大鼠生殖系统内分泌调控与结肠炎症因子的影响,进一步揭示子宫内膜炎与结肠之间的关系,构建子宫内膜炎模型,建模前后用ELISA试剂盒检测各组大鼠子宫中髓过氧化物酶(MPO)、催产素(OXT)和检测患子宫内膜炎大鼠结肠中白介素1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)以及结肠菌群的变化情况来确定治疗效果。结果表明:1)造模前后,空白对照组中MPO和OXT的浓度无显著性差异;造模24h,Nisin组、大黄组方中和高剂量组中MPO的浓度显著降低;大黄组方高剂量组和阳性对照组中OXT的浓度显著高于阴性对照组和空白对照组,阴性对照组显著降低;造模48h,阴性对照组中OXT的浓度显著降低,且显著低于其他各组;造模72h,阴性对照组中MPO显著升高,OXT的浓度显著降低,大黄组方高剂量组和阳性对照组可显著降低子宫中MPO的浓度和显著增加OXT的浓度。2)在结肠中,患子宫内膜炎大鼠在0~72h阶段,阴性对照组中IL-1β和TNF-α的浓度显著升高,大黄组方高剂量组、Nisin组及阳性对照组中IL-1β和TNF-α的浓度显著降低。3)Nisin及大黄组方高剂量组显著增加结肠中乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌的数量,显著减少大肠杆菌和肠球菌的数量。研究发现Nisin和大黄组方高剂量组可降低子宫内膜炎大鼠子宫中MPO和OXT的浓度,患子宫内膜炎大鼠使结肠中IL-1β和TNF-α的浓度升高,Nisin、大黄组方高剂量组和阳性对照组可降低IL-1β和TNF-α的浓度,还可以调节结肠中菌群结构。     

农药废水对秀丽隐杆线虫毒性效应及其主要有毒组分

应用battery生物测试法,检测研究农药废水对秀丽隐杆线虫的生命周期、繁殖速率、生殖能力、头摆和身体弯曲频率等影响的生物毒性,及其引发生物毒性的主要有机污染物。结果表明,在已经达到国家废水排放标准[GB 8978—1996]情况下,处理出水对受试动物仍然存在致毒效应;线虫的世代周期对进水的毒性最为敏感,产卵数量对出水的毒性最为敏感;进水毒性主要来自易受酸性调节影响的有机污染物,出水毒性主要来自易受碱性调节影响的有机污染物。结果表明,该项生物测试的毒性参数,可用于指示存在于低CODCr废水中的生物毒性;所用的毒性鉴别评价（TIE）方法,可用于鉴别废水中引发致毒效应的关键污染物。废水中悬浮颗粒污染物的生物毒性至关重要,尚未研究,有待继续。     

Biosensor Technology addressing Agricultural Problems

Biosensor technology is a powerful alternative to conventional analytical techniques, harnessing the specificity and sensitivity of biological systems in small, low cost devices. Despite the promising biosensors developed in research laboratories, there are not many reports of applications in agricultural monitoring. The authors review biosensor technology and discuss the different bio-receptor systems and methods of transduction. The difference between a biosensor and a truly integrated biosensor system are defined and the main reasons for the slow technology transfer of biosensors to the marketplace are reported. Biosensor research and development has been directed mainly towards health care, environmental applications and the food industry. The most commercially important application is the hand-held glucose meter used by diabetics. The agricultural/veterinary testing market has seen a number of diagnostic tests but no true biosensor systems have made an impact. The need for fast, on-line and accurate sensing opens up opportunities for biosensors in many different agricultural areas —in situ analysis of pollutants in crops and soils, detection and identification of infectious diseases in crops and livestock, on-line measurements of important food processing parameters, monitoring animal fertility and screening therapeutic drugs in veterinary testing. Future challenges in the commercial development of biosensor are also addressed.     

中华鲟ASDIGIRR与ASTRAF6基因的克隆与表达

中华鲟是处在硬骨鱼类与软骨鱼类之间的中国古老的珍稀鱼类之一,但在人工繁殖和养殖过程中,容易受到不同疾病的危害,因此,需要深入研究其免疫调控,为其疾病预防提供理论依据。单个免疫球蛋白白细胞介素-1受体相关分子(SIGIRR)和肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子6(TRAF6)是toll样受体(TLR)信号通路的2个重要的信号转导元件。本研究鉴定了中华鲟的SIGIRR和TRAF6的同源物,分别命名为ASDIGIRR (Acipenser sinensis DIGIRR)和ASTRAF6 (A. sinensis TRAF6),并研究它们在正常组织中的表达和Poly(I:C)诱导后的表达模式。结果显示,ASDIGIRR和ASTRAF6在健康鲟的10个组织中均有表达,且分别在肠道和头肾组织中表达量最高;用Poly (I:C)孵育中华鲟脾脏细胞后,ASDIGIRR在3 h时的表达量显著下调,在6 h时恢复至正常水平,后在24 h显著上调达到最高值,随后开始下调,至48 h时仍显著高于对照组,而ASTRAF6在6 h达到最高表达量,维持到24 h后再下调,48 h时下降至最低水平。研究表明,ASDIGIRR和ASTRAF6在中华鲟抵御病原入侵的免疫防御过程中起着重要作用。     

青钱柳降血糖药效物质基础研究进展

综述了青钱柳降血糖药效成分黄酮类、多糖类及微量元素的研究进展,并对青钱柳药效成分的开发应用前景进行了展望。     

动物乳腺干细胞的研究进展

乳腺干细胞具有产生所有类型乳腺细胞的能力。在乳腺组织生长发育过程中,乳腺干细胞对于动物青春期、妊娠期、泌乳期和泌乳衰退期的乳腺生长与重建等具有重要意义。体外培养的乳腺干细胞是研究乳腺细胞增殖、分化、生存和凋亡等信号通路的理想模型,同时在转基因乳腺生物反应器方面也具有重要的应用前景。因此,乳腺干细胞的研究对于乳腺发育的认知,乳腺癌的治疗及农业生产具有重要意义。作者针对乳腺干细胞的筛选、定位和体外培养方法的研究现状进行了系统的综述,并对未来的研究方向与应用前景加以展望。