透气型砂栽培研究进展与前景分析

透气型砂栽培（Sandponics）是生态环保、低成本、低技术的无土栽培技术,符合当前中国国情和世界无土栽培发展趋势。阐明透气型砂栽培系统的组成结构,提出透气型砂栽培基质的粒径、含盐量、含泥量和酸碱度等理化指标,探讨砂栽培营养液元素种类和要求,分析透气型砂栽培生产可持续性理论基础,建立透气型砂栽培技术标准,为透气型砂栽培的进一步研究和生产实践提供参考。分析透气型砂栽培蔬菜产品的含糖量、亚硝酸盐含量、重金属含量等营养品质。总结透气型砂栽培的特点和所具备的生态意义、社会意义,分析透气型砂栽培在都市农业和南海岛屿蔬菜生产实践中的应用前景。     

甜樱桃品种SSR指纹检索系统的开发及遗传多样性分析

用SSR技术开发了甜樱桃( Prunus avium ) 指纹检索系统并进行遗传多样性分析。18对樱桃、桃和杏的引物在19份甜樱桃及2份草原樱桃( P. fruticosa) 品种中共扩增出83个等位位点, 每个 SSR位点的等位位点数2 ～8 个, 平均416 个, 多态性信息量( PIC) 变化范围为0.38 ～0.80, 平均为 0.64。7个甜樱桃品种具有特殊位点或特殊带型。利用UDP98-414、UDP98-406、UDP96-001及PMS40等4 对引物开发的指纹检索系统, 可以区分18个甜樱桃品种。根据遗传距离进行聚类分析, 19个甜樱桃品种 分成2组, 甜樱桃品种间的聚类结果基本反映了供试材料之间的亲缘关系。     

地被植物在济南国际园博园中的应用

通过对园博园内地被植物种类和应用方式的详细调查,对其景观效果进行了简要分析。园博园内主要应用的地被植物种类共有42种,以菊科、蔷薇科植物用得最多,其次为木犀科的植物,分布于主次干道旁、林缘、滨水处及城市展园内等处。分析了地被植物在园博园应用中存在的问题,展望了地被植物的应用前景,对其在济南地区的选择和利用提出建议。     

11个中国梨品种S基因型的鉴定

采用梨自交不亲和基因的特异引物"FTQQYQ"和"anti-IIWPNV",对11个梨品种的基因组DNA进行了特异PCR扩增,对扩增片段进行回收、克隆和测序。利用生物信息学软件对各序列进行比对分析,最后确定了各品种的S基因型,即早熟句句、新疆黄梨、绿句句、魁克句句等4个新疆梨品种的S基因型均为S22S28;圆香为S16S15,福安尖把为S16S22,晋蜜梨为S21S28,兰州软儿为SdS12,迟咸丰为S5aS18,红秀2号为S1S12,鸭广梨为S19S30。     

Seasonal changes in the effects of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) on dry matter production and distribution of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

It is reported that stimulating effect of elevated atmospheric [CO₂] on photosynthesis of rice (Oryza sativa L.) is likely to be reduced during the plant growth period. However, there is little information on seasonal changes in dry matter (DM) production and distribution of rice under elevated atmospheric [CO₂]. A free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) experiment was conducted at Wuxi, Jiangsu, China, in 2001–2003, using Wuxiangging 14, a japonica cultivar. The rice was grown at ambient or elevated (ca. 200 μmol mol⁻¹ above ambient) [CO₂] and supplied with 25 g N m², which is the normal N application rate for local farmers. DM accumulation of rice in FACE plots was significantly increased by 40, 30, 22, 26 and 16% on average at tillering, panicle initiation (PI), heading, mid-ripening and grain maturity, respectively. Rice DM production under FACE was significantly enhanced by 41, 27, 15 and 38% on average during the growth periods from transplanting to tillering (Period 1), tillering to PI (Period 2), PI to heading (Period 3) and heading to mid-ripening (Period 4), respectively, but significantly decreased by 25% in the period from mid-ripening to grain maturity (Period 5). In general, seasonal changes in crop response to FACE in both green leaf area index (GLAI) and net assimilation rate (NAR) followed a similar pattern to that of the DM production. Under FACE the leaves decreased significantly in proportion to the total above-ground DM over the season, the stems showed an opposite trend, while the spikes depended on crop development stage: showing no change at heading, significant increase (+4%) at mid-ripening and significant decrease (−3%) at grain maturity. Grain yield was stimulated by an average of 13% by FACE, due to increased total DM production rather than any changes in partitioning to the grain. We conclude that the gradual acclimation of rice growth to elevated [CO₂] do not occur inevitably, and it could also be altered by environmental conditions (e.g., cultivation technique).     

Intercropping corn with soybean,lupin and forages: yield component responses

Intercropping systems influence yield variables of the component crops, such as harvest index, hundred seed weight, number of reproductive organs and number of seeds, within each reproductive unit. Two experiments were carried out at each of two sites during 1993 and 1994. The first experiment investigated the effects of seeding soybean or lupin alone or in combination with one of three forages (annual ryegrass, Lolium multiflorum Lam.; perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne L.; red clover, Trifolium pratense L.) with corn on the yield components of corn, soybean and lupin. The second experiment examined the effects of seeding date (simultaneous with corn or 3 weeks later) and number of rows of large seeded legumes (one or two) seeded between the corn rows. Corn grain yield was generally not affected by any intercrop treatment, although in 1993 some simultaneously seeded treatments resulted in decreased yields. Soybean grain yield was decreased by most treatments, although some simultaneous seedings produced yields similar to soybean monocrops. Lupin grew poorly as an intercrop component, producing little or no grain. Corn harvest index was not affected by any intercrop treatments. Seeding corn and large-seeded legumes simultaneously resulted in decreases in corn hundred seed weights by as much as 6.6 g compared with the monocropped corn. In 1993 (a year with normal precipitation levels), the hundred seed weight and number of seeds per soybean pod were decreased by intercropping, although the harvest index was not affected. In a high precipitation year (1994), the soybean harvest index was decreased by intercropping, but not the seed components. The underseeded forages, annual ryegrass, perennial ryegrass and red clover, had no effect on yields or yield components of the other intercropped species.     

苹果主栽品种的SSR分子标记鉴别

为了探索方便快捷的苹果苗木监测方法,通过正交试验,建立了苹果的SSR反应体系(10×PCRBuffer2.0μl,25mmol/MgCl21.2μl,2mmol/LdNTPs2.0μl,10μmol/L引物1μl,5U/μlTaq聚合酶0.2μl)。从33对引物中筛选出10对多态性高,分辨能力强的引物;仅三对引物(02b1,GD12,GD162)就能鉴别供试的45个品种。并对生产上应用SSR技术检测苹果品种真实性和纯度作了展望。     

三种仿生不育剂对栗山天牛成虫的不育效应

为筛选出防治栗山天牛Massicus raddei(Blessig)成虫的不育剂,本研究利用灭幼脲Ⅲ号、除虫脲和杀铃脲3种仿生制剂分别稀释500倍、1000倍、1500倍、2000倍、3000倍和4000倍等6种浓度进行处理,对其成虫进行了不育性试验。结果表明,这3种不育剂不同处理在雌雄虫寿命、产卵量和产卵期、子代卵的孵化历期的差异均不显著,但经不育剂处理过的雌虫后期产卵量要明显小于对照;不同处理间子代卵的孵化率差异显著,特别是3种药剂500倍液处理后的孵化率分别为19.07%、23.74%和26.3%,远低于对照组的90.21%。三种不育剂1500倍以上的稀释浓度对卵的孵化均有明显的抑制作用,孵化抑制率与浓度之间呈正相关关系,其毒力方程均达到了极显著水平,其中灭幼脲Ⅲ号比其它两种不育剂效果更好。     

Effect of rhamnolipids on Rhodotorula glutinis biocontrol of Alternaria alternata infection in cherry tomato fruit

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the biocontrol yeast, Rhodotorula glutinis with a surfactant produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, rhamnolipids, on the inhibition of Alternaria alternata on cherry tomato fruit. A combination of R. glutinis with rhamnolipids at 500 μg/mL was more effective in suppressing A. alternata infection than application of R. glutinis or rhamnolipids alone. Moreover, integration of R. glutinis with rhamnolipids significantly stimulated peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase and phenylalanine ammonialyase activities of cherry tomato fruit, which were stronger than the single treatments. Rhamnolipids with reduced concentrations did not affect the growth of R. glutinis in vitro, but were utilized as carbon sources by yeasts under conditions of limited carbon sources. Moreover, rhamnolipids themselves reduced decay incidence of A. alternata on cherry tomato fruit and promoted the population growth of R. glutinis in vivo. This combined treatment could induce natural resistance as well as accelerate colonization of yeasts on the fruit surface, providing an effective and safe strategy to control postharvest diseases.