基于有效积温的中国水稻生长模型的构建

有效积温是指作物生长至某一生育阶段所需要积累的有效温度,是反映气象条件对作物生长影响的主要指标,研究有效积温对作物生长过程的影响对提高农业生产效率具有重要意义。该文以有效积温作为气象因子,收集中国气象数据网中的气象数据和已发表的学术论文中的水稻生长数据,建立了描述水稻生长过程的叶面积指数和干物质积累量的普适Logistic模型,并研究了水稻最大叶面积指数与最大干物质积累量、收获指数(作物经济产量与生物产量的比值)及降水量之间的关系。结果表明:有效积温为1000℃左右时,水稻叶面积指数最大,且此时干物质增长速率最大;水稻最大叶面积指数与最大干物质积累量之间表现为线性关系;最大叶面积指数和收获指数、降水量之间为二次抛物线关系,当降水量为670.5 mm时,最大叶面积指数为7.93,对应的水稻收获指数达到最大值0.50。该研究对于构建其他作物的生长模型具有一定的参考意义。     

透气隔水埋体对土壤水分入渗与溶质运移的影响

为分析透气隔水(弱透水)埋体促进水分入渗与溶质运移功效,开展了不同容重(1.40,1.45,1.50,1.60 g/cm~3)透气隔水(弱透水)埋体的一维垂直土柱入渗试验,分析了不同容重的透气隔水(弱透水)埋体对土壤水分入渗与溶质分布的影响。结果表明,透气隔水(弱透水)埋体能够增加土壤累积入渗量,推动湿润锋运移,在一定范围内,随着透气隔水(弱透水)埋体容重增加,湿润锋推进速度与土壤入渗率均增加。600 min时,土壤累积入渗量相对增加7.42%～29.17%,湿润锋深度达到27 cm,入渗时间相对减少26.97%～64.27%。相比于对照组,不同容重的透气隔水(弱透水)埋体均能降低溶质向深层土壤迁移数量。Philip模型和代数模型均能描述透气隔水(弱透水)埋体土壤水分入渗过程,且Philip模型中吸渗率S和代数模型中综合形状系数α均与透气隔水(弱透水)埋体内外容重比呈正相关关系。研究结果表明透气隔水(弱透水)埋体能够通过改变上层土壤吸力分布提高水分入渗能力与溶质传输效率,实现对城市雨水径流调控和净化。     

黄河未来输沙量态势及其适用性对策

[目的] 探索黄河输沙预测的新思路，预估黄河未来输沙态势与输沙量水平，为黄河流域生态治理规划提供参考。[方法] 结合黄河流域水土保持生态修复现状，采用单累积曲线法、滑动平均及频率分析方法，分析1950—2019年黄河主要来沙区间的实测输沙量变化特征及其未来态势。[结果] 1950—2019年黄河输沙量呈现阶梯式减少。1950—2019年黄河中游各站累积实测输沙量随时间的变化可用“左半抛物线”表征。黄河输沙量自1997年以来已进入相对稳定态势，目前已达企稳状态；黄河潼关站未来年输沙量在90%频率下为1.00×10⁸ t左右，在10%频率下为5.00×10⁸ t左右，未来多年平均输沙量为1.40×10⁸ t。[结论] 为了维持黄河输沙量低稳状态，提升水土保持措施质量与标准，补齐“后水土保持”短板，构建完善的水沙关系调控体系，维持黄河下游河道冲淤平衡，是黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展的保障。     

Nitrogen use efficiency of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) as influenced by wheat–cotton cropping systems

Wheat–cotton rotations largely increase crop yield and improve resources use efficiency, such as the radiation use efficiency. However, little information is available on the nitrogen (N) utilization and requirement of cotton under wheat–cotton rotations. This study was to determine the N uptake and use efficiency by evaluating the cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) N use and the soil N balances, which will help to improve N resource management in wheat–cotton rotations. Field experiments were conducted during 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 growing seasons in the Yangtze River region in China. Two cotton cultivars (Siza 3, mid-late maturity with 130 days growth duration; CCRI 50, early maturity with 110 days growth duration) were planted under four cropping systems including monoculture cotton (MC), wheat/intercropped cotton (W/IC), wheat/transplanted cotton (W/TC) and wheat/direct-seeded cotton (W/DC). The N uptake and use efficiency of cotton were quantified under different cropping systems. The results showed that wheat–cotton rotations decreased the cotton N uptake through reducing the N accumulation rate and shortening the duration of fast N accumulation phase as compared to the monoculture cotton. Compared with MC, the N uptake of IC, TC and DC were decreased by 12.0%, 20.5% and 23.4% for Siza 3, respectively, and 7.3%, 10.7% and 17.6% for CCRI 50, respectively. Wheat–cotton rotations had a lower N harvest index as a consequence of the weaker sink capacity in the cotton plant caused by the delayed fruiting and boll formation. Wheat–cotton rotations used N inefficiently relative to the monoculture cotton, showing consistently lower level of the N agronomic use efficiency (NAE), N apparent recovery efficiency (NRE), N physiological efficiency (NPE) and N partial factor productivity (NPFP), particularly for DC. Relative to the mid–late maturity cultivar of Siza 3, the early maturity cultivar of CCRI 50 had higher N use efficiency in wheat–cotton rotations. An analysis of the crop N balance suggested that the high N excess in preceding wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in wheat–cotton rotations led to significantly higher N surpluses than the monoculture cotton. The N management for the cotton in wheat–cotton rotations should be improved by means of reducing the base fertilizer input and increasing the bloom application.     

Estimating spatial mean soil water contents of sloping jujube orchards using temporal stability

Estimating spatial mean soil water contents from point-scale measurements is important to improve soil water management in sloping land of semiarid areas. Temporal stability analysis, as a statistical technique to estimate soil water content, is an effective tool in terms of facilitating the upscaling estimation of mean values. The objective of this study was to examine temporal stability of soil water profiles (0–20, 20–40, 40–60 and 0–60 cm) in sloping jujube (Zizyphus jujuba) orchards and to estimate field mean root-zone soil water based on temporal stability analysis in the Yuanzegou catchment of the Chinese Loess Plateau, using soil water observations under both dry and wet soil conditions. The results showed that different time-stable locations were identified for different depths and the temporal stability of soil water content in 20–40 cm was significantly (P < 0.05) weaker than that in other depths. Moreover, these time-stable locations had relatively high clay contents, relatively mild slopes and relatively planar surfaces compared to the corresponding field means. Statistical analysis revealed that the temporal stability of root zone soil water (0–60 cm) was higher in either dry or wet season than that including both, and soil water exhibited very low temporal stability during the transition period from dry to wet. Based on the temporal stability analysis, field mean soil water contents were estimated reasonably (R² from 0.9560 to 0.9873) from the point measurements of these time-stable locations. Since the terrains in this study are typical in the hilly regions of the Loess Plateau, the results presented here should improve soil water management in sloping orchards in the Loess Plateau.     

基于能值分析的甘肃农业生态经济系统发展态势及可持续发展对策

运用能值分析方法,对甘肃农业生态经济系统的能值产投结构、能值指标进行了计算,井从纵向和横向的比较中对甘肃农业生态经济系统发展水平进行了诊断.分析表明:(1)甘肃省自然资源相对丰富,经济发展的资源基础相对雄厚,但由于对本地资源的过分依赖,加之购买能值投入的严重不足,导致甘肃本地资源得不到有效的利用,农业经济发展程度不高,是一种高资源消耗型经济发展模式;(2)农业生态经济系统的封闭性较强,不符合农业可持续发展的需求.土地生产力水平较低,人均能值用量较低;(3)经济总量还不够大,经济发展中应用的资源能值有很大部分来自本区环境和资源系统而无需付费.农业生态经济系统仍属于资源消耗型,但由于人口众多,入均占有纯能值量较低,且生产和管理过程的科技含量较低,存在着资源的浪费和破坏,系统对干环境的压力较大.因此必须通过增加系统投入,保护环境资源,优化投入结构,调整农业产业结构,依靠科学技术等,以实现甘肃农业可持续发展.     

The Common Modelling Protocol: A hierarchical framework for simulation of agricultural and environmental systems

A modular approach to simulation modelling offers significant advantages for its application to agricultural and environmental questions, including re-use of model equations in different contexts and with different user-interfaces; configuration of model structures that are most appropriate to a given problem; and facilitation of collaboration between modelling teams. This paper describes the Common Modelling Protocol (CMP), a generic, open and platform-independent framework for modular simulation modelling that is in widespread use. The CMP is distinguished from existing simulation frameworks by taking an explicitly hierarchical view of the biophysical system being simulated and by representing continuous and discontinuous processes equally naturally. Modules of model logic are represented in the CMP by entities known as “components”. Each component may possess “properties” that convey the value of the quantities in its equations and “event handlers” that compute model logic. Low-level information-transfers in the CMP are carried out by means of a message-passing system. Co-ordinated sequences of messages carry out tasks such as initialization, exchange of variable values and the control of computation order. Extensible Markup Language (XML) is used in the protocol for tasks such as denoting data types, submitting simulations for execution and describing components to user-interface software. Examples are presented showing how the CMP can be used to couple modules developed by different teams and to configure a complex model structure. The choices and trade-offs encountered when building a framework for modular simulation are analyzed, using the CMP and other simulation frameworks as examples. The kinds of scientific issues that arise when the CMP is used to realize collaboration between modelling groups are discussed.     

Laboratory prescreening of Bradyrhizobium japonicum for low pH,Al and Mn tolerance can be used to predict their survival in acid soils

We examined whether strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum selected for growth on acid media in vitro would also survive and grow better in acid soils. Four agar screening media for acid-tolerant rhizobia, which differed in the number of acid soil stresses imposed (pH, low calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P), high aluminum (Al) and manganese (Mn)), were assessed for their effects on the survival of 14 Indonesian strains and two commercial strains of B. japonicum. Survival of B. japonicum in the agar media was compared with that in two acid soils. A repeat stab inoculation method which provided a declining range of inoculum cell number to 10³ cells per stab was used to assess the daily growth of the strains on the screening media at 5 pH levels (3.8, 4.2, 4.5, 5.0, and 6.8). The growth and survival of the 16 strains were then measured at days 1, 8, 18, and 28 after inoculation in two acid soils (pH 4.24 and 4.35) sterilized using γ-irradiation at 5.0 Mrad. Selectivity of the agar media improved as more acid stress factors were incorporated in the media. Those strains of Bradyrhizobium identified as acid, Al and Mn-tolerant in acidic agar media, also had better survival in the low pH soils. There was no relationship between acid or alkali production on agar media and acid tolerance on agar or in soil. There was no apparent relationship between symbiotic performance and acid tolerance, and one acid-tolerant strain was as effective as the commercial inoculant strain CB1809. The most acid-tolerant strain was also the most ineffective.     

Organic nitrogen mineralisation in two contrasting agro-ecosystems is unchanged by biochar addition

Biochar additions to soil have been reported to enhance soil fertility whilst simultaneously storing carbon (C). We tested whether either fresh or field-conditioned (aged) biochar amendment to two contrasting agricultural soils would alter the mineralisation of organic N compounds. The mineralisation of ¹⁴C-labelled amino acids and peptides were determined over 20 days within each soil. An exponential kinetic decay model was subsequently fitted to the mineralisation data. Overall, statistical analysis revealed significant but small differences between the two biochar treatments and the unamended control treatment. We conclude that biochar has very limited impact on the mineralisation rate of low molecular weight dissolved organic N compounds in these agro-ecosystems.     

黄土丘陵区柠条人工林土壤呼吸速率对碳输入方式改变的响应

凋落物和植物根系作为土壤碳储量的主要植物性碳源,其质及量的改变可影响土壤碳汇功能。以黄土丘陵区柠条人工林为对象,设置移除凋落物、双倍凋落物、切根、移凋切根和保持原状5种碳输入方式,利用LI-8100土壤碳通量测量仪测定生长季（5-10月）土壤呼吸速率,以期阐明柠条人工林土壤呼吸速率对碳输入方式改变的响应。结果表明:1）各碳输入方式5-10月土壤呼吸速率呈单峰趋势,均在7月最高,10月最低;相比保持原状,双倍凋落物下5-10月累计土壤呼吸速率增加了22.73%,而移凋、切根和移凋切根的5-10月累计土壤呼吸速率分别减少27.57%、40.90%和33.83%;2）根系呼吸、凋落物呼吸和土壤矿质呼吸对土壤呼吸的相对贡献率由大到小分别为土壤矿质呼吸(68.58%)>根系呼吸(38.41%)>凋落物呼吸(24.65%);3）各碳输入方式下土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度呈显著指数相关,而与土壤湿度的二次关系不显著;土壤温度和湿度的双变量复合模型对土壤呼吸速率月变化解释率53%~93%,高于土壤温度和湿度的单因子模型对土壤呼吸速率月变化解释率53%~74%和0.6%~23.2%;相比保持原状,去凋、双倍凋落物、切根和移凋切根均降低了土壤温度敏感性。研究表明,柠条人工林地表凋落物的积累过多可能减弱土壤碳汇功能。