Cultivation Influences on Soil Organic Carbon Associated with Texture in Seasonally Frozen Zones

[Objective] This study aimed to examine indicative roles of texture representing soil organic carbon presence and variability subsequent to cultivation under cold temperate climates with seasonal freeze-thaw events.[Method] Three chronosequences were selected for paired comparisons.Soil samples were collected at six depths with a 10 cm increment.Analysis of variance with general linear model and regression was performed for statistical analysis.[Result] In seasonally frozen soils where fragmentation of macroaggregates was stimulated,soil organic carbon level was positively associated with clay ＋ silt proportion due to a wider textural range,better than sole clay content.Exponential function better fitted the experimental data to present progressively increased effectiveness of clay ＋ silt content in maintaining carbon.Clay content explained 12％-41％ and 14％-43％ of variation via linear and exponential functions,respectively.Accordingly,clay ＋ silt content explained 47％-65％ and 46％-70％.[Conclusion] Texture reflected soil organic carbon occurrence as consequences of reclamation.For seasonally frozen soils with wider textural ranges,it is robust to adapt clay ＋ silt content as dependent variable and exponential function.The generated algorithms provided an available pathway to estimate soil organic carbon losses following cultivation and to evaluate soil fertility.     

Achieving legislation requirements with different nitrogen fertilization strategies: Results from a long term experiment

The Nitrates Directive (91/676/EEC, Anonymous, 1991) was developed in Europe to limit environmental threats from intensive livestock farming and N fertilizer applications to crops. It imposed several rules on farmers and public bodies, one of which was nutrient fertilization plan adoption. Here we use results from the Tetto Frati (Northern Italy) Long-Term Experiment to verify the terms and coefficients in the official Italian guidelines and evaluate the limitations imposed to organic fertilization amounts. For this purpose, we mined long-term experimental data of crop yield, N uptake, N use efficiency, and soil organic matter content from miscellanea cropping systems fertilized with farmyard manure (FYM) and bovine slurry (SLU), typical of a dairy farm in Northern Italy. N fertilization efficiency indicators (Removal to Fertilizer ratio, Apparent Recovery and Nitrogen Fertilizer Replacement Value) indicated that in the long run, FYM behaved similarly to urea, and better than SLU. Even N supply rates as high as 250 kg N ha⁻¹ were justified by high rates of crop removal. In fact, among the terms of the mass-balance equation, SOM mineralization was found to be most relevant, followed by meadow rotation residual effects. We conclude that a revised Nitrates Directives application scheme could be more relaxed in its application limit of manure-N, but should be more ambitious in setting efficiency coefficients for manure fertilization.     

Application and mechanisms of metal-based nanoparticles in the control of bacterial and fungal crop diseases

Nanotechnology is a young branch of the discipline generated by nanomaterials. Its development has greatly contributed to technological progress and product innovation in the field of agriculture. The antimicrobial properties of nanoparticles (NPs) can be used to develop nanopesticides for plant protection. Plant diseases caused by bacterial and fungal infestations are the main types of crop diseases. Once infected, they will seriously threaten crop growth, reduce yield and quality, and affect food safety, posing a health risk to humans. We reviewed the application of metal-based nanoparticles in inhibiting plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi, and discuss the antibacterial mechanisms of metal-based nanoparticles from two aspects: the direct interaction between nanoparticles and pathogens, and the indirect effects of inducing plant resilience to disease. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.     

Monitoring wheat phenology and irrigation in Central Morocco: On the use of relationships between evapotranspiration,crops coefficients,leaf area index and remotely-sensed vegetation indices

The monitoring of crop production and irrigation at a regional scale can be based on the use of ecosystem process models and remote sensing data. The former simulate the time courses of the main biophysical variables which affect crop photosynthesis and water consumption at a fine time step (hourly or daily); the latter allows to provide the spatial distribution of these variables over a region of interest at a time span from 10 days to a month. In this context, this study investigates the feasibility of using the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from remote sensing data to provide indirect estimates of: (1) the leaf area index (LAI), which is a key-variable of many crop process models; and (2) crop coefficients, which represent the ratio of actual (AET) to reference (ET₀) evapotranspiration.A first analysis is performed based on a dataset collected at field in an irrigated area of the Haouz plain (region of Marrakesh, Central Morocco) during the 2002–2003 agricultural season. The seasonal courses of NDVI, LAI, AET and ET₀ have been compared, then crop coefficients have been calculated using a method that allows roughly to separate soil evaporation from plant transpiration. This allows to compute the crop basal coefficient (K_cb) restricted to the plant transpiration process. Finally, three relationships have been established. The relationships between LAI and NDVI as well as between LAI and K_cb were found both exponential, with associated errors of 30% and 15%, respectively. Because the NDVI saturates at high LAI values (>4), the use of remotely-sensed data results in poor accuracy of LAI estimates for well-developed canopies. However, this inaccuracy was not found critical for transpiration estimates since AET appears limited to ET₀ for well-developed canopies. As a consequence, the relationship between NDVI and K_cb was found linear and of good accuracy (15%).Based on these relationships, maps of LAI and transpiration requirements have been derived from two Landsat7-ETM+ images acquired at the beginning and the middle of the agricultural season. These maps show the space and time variability in crop development and water requirements over a 3 km × 3 km irrigated area that surrounds the fields of study. They may give an indication on how the water should be distributed over the area of interest in order to improve the efficiency of irrigation. The availability, in the near future, of Earth Observation Systems designed to provide both high spatial resolution (10 m) and frequent revisit (day) would make it feasible to set up such approaches for the operational monitoring of crop phenology and irrigation at a regional scale.     

Integrating ecosystem service supply and demand into ecological risk assessment: a comprehensive framework and case study

Landscape Ecology - Human beings face a growing supply–demand risk in ecosystem services (SDRES) due to anthropogenic environmental change and human activity. It is urgent to construct an...     

黄土坡面土壤性质随退耕时间的动态变化研究

退耕还林还草是控制水土流失和防治土壤退化的关键措施,黄土高原退耕还林还草从试验到推广已有几十年历史。该文通过对黄土高原地区退耕区的实地调查,测定不同地区不同退耕年限植被恢复区表层土壤的理化性质,分析黄土坡面土壤理化性质随退耕时间的动态变化规律。结果表明:随着退耕植被恢复时间的增长,土壤物理结构将日趋改善,土壤养分含量水平将逐渐的提高,并主要集中在植被恢复10~20年期间,20年后,尤其是30年后,土壤理化性质较为稳定,而且,植被维护的好坏往往影响其稳定性。同时,水热条件较好的安塞地区土壤理化性质随退耕时间的改善程度更明显,而水热条件较差的皇甫川流域土壤理化性质随植被类型和植被恢复程度的影响更为显著。结果可为退耕的环境影响评价预测以及土地利用的调控提供科学依据。     

毛乌素沙地降水、蒸散时间分布格局及其对土地利用的意义

运用统计分析和遥感分析方法,对毛乌素沙地腹地乌审旗沙区1981-2003年间的降水、蒸散分布格局进行研究.结果表明:1)研究区降水集中在6-8月份,主要以暴雨出现,沙壤土入渗率高,降雨能很快渗入土壤,故很少形成径流;2)研究区23年间平均年蒸散量为252 mm,略低于降水,年蒸散量呈从东向西递减的趋势.7月蒸散量最大,1和12月最小,呈"单峰"正态分布,与降水的年变化趋势基本一致;3)该地区蒸散相对变率为10%～24%,从西北向东南地区递减;4)从水资源总量和现有植被盖度(0.7)来看,水资源收支处于低水平的基本平衡,但降水时空分布的不均匀性、沙地生态系统的脆弱性及特殊的生态过渡性对水资源的有效性造成了严峻的考验,因此在饲草料种植中推广、普及高效节水的农业灌溉技术,对于提高水资源利用率和保持区域水资源平衡具有十分重要的意义.     

高寒农田土壤有机碳和全氮密度垂直分布特征及其与海拔的关系

  目的  为探讨高寒地区农田生态系统有机碳和全氮积累状况及差异特征。  方法  在祁连山中段南坡选取样点分层采集土壤样品,进行室内测定其有机碳、全氮含量及其密度垂直分布特征沿海拔的空间分布规律。  结果  研究区0 ~ 50 cm土层土壤有机碳密度在海拔2800 m处达到最大值10.18 kg m?2;全氮密度在海拔3000 m处达到最大值1.86 kg m?2,土壤有机碳密度随海拔的升高呈“U”型曲线变化,全氮密度随海拔的升高呈单峰曲线变化。 0 ~ 50 cm土层剖面上,土壤有机碳密度及全氮密度在海拔 ≤ 3000 m处随土层深度的增加而降低,在海拔3100 m处随土层深度的增加而增加。海拔高度与全氮含量、全氮密度存在显著正相关关系（P < 0.01）;土层深度与有机碳含量存在显著负相关关系,与有机碳密度和全氮密度存在极显著正相关关系（P < 0.01）。  结论  海拔和土层是影响祁连山南坡农田土壤有机碳和全氮分布的关键因子。     

中国土壤侵蚀研究重大成就及未来关键领域

[目的] 回顾中国土壤侵蚀研究的发展历程,总结该领域的重大研究成果,分析其现阶段存在的问题及未来关键研究领域,旨在为中国水土保持及区域生态建设与绿色高质量发展提供参考。[方法] 基于多年的土壤侵蚀研究野外调查和学术研究工作经验,对中国土壤侵蚀的有关重大问题进行了长期思考。经过多次学术研讨,并与同行权威专家进行了交流和探讨。[结果] 中国土壤侵蚀研究领域近百年来取得了一系列重大研究成果,也存在着一些不足和问题。中国土壤侵蚀研究未来应从土壤侵蚀预报模型完善推广及精度评价,坡面径流计算方法及模型构建,人工模拟降雨试验和水槽试验结果的代表性及真实性评价等方面开展重点研究,并关注土壤侵蚀过程机理、模型应用、技术方法、响应评价、瓶颈问题等议题的研究。[结论] 近百年来的研究实践证明,中国土壤侵蚀研究只有立足于国情,根据中国土壤侵蚀特点、研究现状及社会需求的变化确定和调整研究方向,才有可能取得标志性成果。同时,在国家大力推行生态文明建设的新时代,土壤侵蚀研究也要调整思路和研究重点。此外,水土保持工作还应与国家乡村振兴和生态建设相结合,以先预防,少扰动为主,改变过去先破坏再治理的模式。     

中国水蚀区5种典型土壤的侵蚀性降雨阈值比较

[目的] 准确拟定侵蚀性降雨阈值,区分侵蚀性与非侵蚀性降雨事件,为有效减少土壤侵蚀预报的工作量以及区域土壤侵蚀防治提供科学参考。[方法] 在北京市房山区布设中国5个水蚀二级区典型土壤休闲小区,收集各小区2006—2019年的产流产沙监测资料,利用降雨侵蚀力偏差法分析各小区的侵蚀性降雨量(P)和最大30 min雨强(I₃₀)阈值。[结果] ①相比P阈值,I₃₀在识别侵蚀性降雨方面更为有效。②黑土和褐土小区侵蚀性降雨阈值较高,二者P阈值均为10.0 mm,I₃₀阈值均为10.2 mm/h;黄土小区次之,其P和I₃₀阈值分别为9.5 mm和8.9 mm/h。紫色土与红壤小区较低,二者的P阈值分别为5.4和6.1 mm,I₃₀阈值分别为3.2和5.2 mm/h。③各径流小区的监测资料年限达到12 a时,侵蚀性降雨阈值才可达到稳定。[结论] 不同地区土壤的侵蚀性降雨阈值存在较大差异。侵蚀性降雨阈值不仅受土壤自身特性如粒径分布和有机质含量的影响,还与当地的气候状况如降雨雨型有关。