柠条秸秆和地膜覆盖对土壤水分和玉米产量的影响

为了探讨北方农牧交错带不同保墒措施下旱地玉米的土壤水分特征及其对产量的影响,以甘农118为试验材料,监测了单膜(SFP)、双膜(DFP)、柠条秸秆沟埋(CPDP)和裸地(CK)4种不同处理下0~100 cm土壤水分季节变化、垂直变化及年际变化,测定了玉米产量和水分利用效率。结果表明:SFP和DFP处理明显改善0~40 cm土层土壤体积含水率,较CK处理保墒效果提高35.65%~47.91%,但随着玉米生育期的推进,由于玉米生长耗水和土壤蒸发作用,建植后土壤体积含水率均接近或低于萎蔫系数(7.20%)。连续2 a种植玉米4种处理土壤贮水量均有不同程度的减少,CPDP和CK处理土壤贮水量分别减少了68.42和68.07 mm,其次为SFP(53.49 mm),DFP减少最小(48.98 mm),说明研究区内玉米生长需要消耗大量土壤水分。SFP和DFP能够增加玉米对降雨和土壤水的利用,不同年份产量水分利用效率较CK处理分别提高12.55%~35.71%和25.11%~54.70%。SFP和DFP耗水量、产量和水分利用效率均无显著差异(P0.05),因此建议在研究区种植玉米时可以采取SFP措施,而CPDP耗水量较高、产量和水分利用效率相对较低,不宜采取此种保墒措施。     

1975-2009年宁夏平罗县气候的变化特征

为探明宁夏平罗县气候变化特征,为区域农业生产应对气候变化提供理论依据,采用线性趋势分析法和距平法对宁夏平罗县1975—2009年的气温和降水资料进行分析研究。结果表明:近35年平罗县年平均气温总体呈上升趋势,其变化倾向率为0.079℃/a,且最高气温增温更突出;春季增暖最显著,冬季与夏季次之,秋季最小。平罗县年平均降水量在波动中略有减少,其变化倾向率为-0.388mm/a,并且降水集中于夏季;除夏季降水量减少外,其余各季略有增加,但增幅很小,年降水量的变化趋势基本与夏季一致。     

KOH活化法制备沙柳枝木活性炭的研究

活性炭是一种疏松多孔的碳单质,具有吸附作用,已在诸多领域广泛应用,例如,食品加工、军事化学防护、环境保护等。针对沙柳枝木的利用现状,选取KOH为活化剂并且采用微波法制备沙柳枝木活性炭,研究了活化剂辐射时间、质量浓度、液料比、辐射功率、浸渍时间等因素对活性炭吸附性能的影响,通过对单因素试验结果的正交优化,得出活性炭制备的最佳方法如下：KOH活化法制备沙柳枝木活性炭的最佳工艺条件为：液料比4:1、浸渍时间18 h、辐照功率560 W、辐照时间20 min,该工艺条件下所制备的活性炭成品碘吸附值为1011.01 mg/g,达到了GB/T 13803.2—1999中一级品标准。     

The microbial biomass and activity in soil with shrub (Caragana korshinskii K.) plantation in the semi-arid loess plateau in China

Caragana korshinskii K. is a shrub species which is adapted to arid and semi-arid environments and plays an important role in soil protection. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of this shrub plantation on the soil ecosystem functions driven by microorganisms in the long-term. The changes in the size and activity of soil microbial biomass and the relationship between soil microbial biomass and chemical properties were investigated under shrub plantations aged 6, 18 and 26 years. The results showed that the pH value in the soil decreased gradually, while soil organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (TN) significantly increased with the age of C. korshinskii. Although microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and MBC/OC ratio gradually increased, the ratio of basal respiration to MBC (qCO₂) decreased with the age of C. korshinskii. The microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) and MBC had a positive relationship with soil TN and OC, respectively. The flux of CO₂ decreased with the age of C. korshinskii which had a significant negative relationship with soil OC, TN, MBN and MBC. The results indicate that C. korshinskii plantations may help to improve microbially driven ecosystem functioning through long-term creation of resource-island.     

宁夏盐池县粮食产量波动性及影响因子分析

为了探索农牧交错带农业系统的波动机制,有效减缓系统波动,利用多元逐步回归法、经验模态分解法(EMD)和集对分析法(SPA),分析了宁夏盐池县1954-2013年粮食总产量的波动特征及其影响因子。结果表明:(1)近60年盐池县粮食总产量以趋势性增长为主,其方差贡献率为82.86%,同时伴随着显著的波动,其方差贡献率为17.14%。存在3 a、6 a、9 a准周期波动,其中3 a准周期的波动强度最大。(2)农业机械总动力和灌溉耕地面积是引起粮食总产量趋势性增加的最主要影响因子,年降水量是引起粮食总产量3 a、6 a准周期波动的主要控制因子,粮食播种面积、化肥施用量为短期主控因子;引黄灌溉水量和有效灌溉面积为反向调节因子,其作用在粮食总产量突变点之后显著大于之前。(3)加强生态农业建设,促进气候依赖型农业向水文依赖型转变。     

基于生态系统服务价值的宁夏区域生态补偿研究

采用宁夏回族自治区第二次土地调查和《宁夏统计年鉴2011》中的数据,运用相关公式,计算宁夏不同主体功能区和各县市区单位面积生态系统服务价值和生态补偿优先级(ECPS)。结果表明:宁夏限制开发生态区泾源、彭阳、隆德、红寺堡等县区单位面积生态系统服务价值和生态补偿优先级明显高于银川市辖区、石嘴山市辖区等重点开发区,后者应对前者进行生态补偿。     

基于多源遥感数据的综合干旱监测模型构建

在全球气候变化越来越复杂的大背景下,准确监测华北粮食主产区的旱情对区域农业生产有重要的指导意义。以往的遥感干旱监测方法多侧重于监测土壤或植被等单一干旱响应因子,反映综合信息的能力较差,为此该研究使用中分辨率成像光谱仪(moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer,MODIS)、热带降水测量计划(tropical rainfall measuring mission,TRMM)卫星等多源遥感数据,在综合考虑干旱发生发展过程中的土壤水分胁迫、植被生长状态和气象降水盈亏等因素的基础上,利用空间数据挖掘技术,构建综合干旱监测模型,并以山东省为例进行了试验验证。结果表明,模型监测出山东省近年来所经历的重大干旱过程与实际旱情一致,模型输出的旱情指标-综合干旱指数(synthesized drought index,SDI)与小麦的标准化作物单产变量的相关系数均大于0.7(P0.05);在小麦和玉米的生长期,综合干旱指数与作物受灾面积的相关系数在-0.67～-0.85之间,与标准化降水指数(standardized precipitation index,SPI)的相关系数在0.44～0.67之间,且通过了P0.01的极显著检验(3月份除外)。研究结果为综合评估区域干旱提供了一种新的方法。     

Seasonal changes in the water-use strategies of three herbaceous species in a native desert steppe of Ningxia,China

Frequent periods of drought conditions are known to limit plant performance,primary production,and ecosystem stability in arid and semi-arid desert steppe environments.Plants often avoid competition by shifting their water use seasonally,which affects the water-use patterns of dominant species as well as the composition and structure of plant communities.However,the water-use strategies of dominant herbaceous species,which grow under natural field conditions in the desert steppe region of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,China,are poorly known.Here,we explored the possible sources of water uptake and water-use efficiency(WUE)of three dominant herbaceous plant species(Stipa breviflora,Agropyron mongolicum,and Glycyrrhiza uralensis)in a native desert steppe in the semi-arid area of Ningxia through an analysis of multiple parameters,including(1)the stable isotopic oxygen and hydrogen(δ18O andδ2H)compositions of precipitation,soil water,and stem water,(2)the carbon isotope(13C)composition of leaves,and(3)the soil water contents,based on field sampling across varying water conditions from June to September,2017.Frequent small precipitation events replenished shallow soil water,whereas large events only percolated down to the deep soil layers.Changes in soil water availability affected the water-use patterns of plants.Generally,during light precipitation periods,the deep root system of G.uralensis accessed deeper(>80 cm)soil water,whereas S.breviflora and A.mongolicum,which only have shallow roots,primarily absorbed water from the shallow and middle soil layers.As precipitation increased,all three plant species primarily obtained water from the shallow soil layers.Variation in soil water uptake between the dry and wet seasons enabled plants to make better use of existing satoil water.In addition,theδ13C values of G.uralensis and S.breviflora were higher than those of A.mongolicum.Theδ13C values of the three plant species were significantly negatively correlated with soil water content.Therefore,G.uralensis and S.breviflora maintained a higher WUE through their conservative and water-saving strategies across the entire growing season.In contrast,A.mongolicum,with a relatively low WUE in the wet season but a high WUE in the dry season,exhibited a more flexible water-use strategy.The different water-use strategies of these dominant plant species demonstrated the mechanisms by which plant communities can respond to drought.     

基于TRMM数据的山东省干旱监测及其可靠性检验

为了兼顾卫星遥感干旱监测的高时空覆盖性和气象站点干旱监测的普遍适应性,使用热带降水测量卫星(TRMM)3B43的逐月降水量资料和单站干旱监测Z指数方法,对区域干旱过程进行监测。研究以黄淮海平原冬小麦主产区的山东省为例,使用该方法对1998年1月-2010年12月间的逐月干旱情况进行了监测,并利用同期气象数据计算出来的标准化降水指数(SPI)对TRMM-Z指数进行了验证。结果表明TRMM-Z指数监测出的干旱发生、发展过程与实际相符,其监测结果与站点SPI相关系数为0.83,达极显著水平。该干旱监测方法在区域干旱监测与评估中具有很好的适用性和精度,为有效获取气象与农业旱情提供了一种新的思路。     

基于MODIS 数据的宁夏地表温度空间分布研究

在分析现有分裂窗算法的基础上,选择了一种适合于MODIS数据的简化分裂窗算法,针对MODIS的热红外波段数据,讨论了利用该分裂窗算法反演地表温度所需的亮度温度、大气透过率及地表比辐射率的计算方法,并对宁夏的地表温度进行了反演。结果表明,宁夏的地表温度从南到北表现出三个明显的区域,采用30 km×30 km的样区,对这三个区域的地表温度进行统计得出,南部山区的地表温度分布在19.7～35.3℃之间,且在这一温度段内分布均衡,平均地表温度为27.1℃;灌区的地表温度分布在25.9～37.1℃之间,且主要靠近低温区段,平均地表温度为29.3℃;中部干旱带的地表温度分布在31.2～48.9℃之间,且主要靠近高温区段,平均地表温度为45.8℃。这些特征与宁夏的陆面植被覆盖、地形特征等实际状况相符。