高寒草地生长季/非生长季植被盖度遥感反演

植被盖度是刻画陆地生态系统植被覆盖的重要生态参量。以当雄县Landsat-8OLI为数据源,从10种常用植被指数中筛选出适合反演高寒草地生长季/非生长季草地植被盖度的植被指数,引入像元三分法确定端元特征值,通过不同植被指数基于像元二分模型反演植被盖度的对比分析,确定适合生长季/非生长季植被盖度最优植被指数,根据反演结果分析了研究区草地生长季/非生长季植被盖度的时空变化特征。结果表明：1）由可见光-近红外波段构建的植被指数适用生长季植被盖度反演,由短波红外构建的植被指数适用于非生长季植被盖度反演。2）基于MSACRI的像元二分模型适合非生长季植被盖度反演,基于NDVI的像元二分模型则最适用于生长季植被盖度的反演。3）研究区草地植被盖度随海拔增加呈现先增加后减少的单峰变化格局,草地集中分布于海拔4300~5100 m处。生长季植被盖度主要集中于20%~80%,非生长季绝大部分的草地盖度小于40%。研究结果可为草地生态系统碳存储、植被生产力、土壤侵蚀、生态水文等研究提供参考依据。     

水肥空间耦合对冬小麦光合特性的影响

在防雨棚管栽试验条件下,以品种“3279”为研究材料,通过7种不同处理来研究水肥空间耦合对冬小麦光合特性的影响,试验结果表明:不同的水肥耦合处理中,冬小麦的光合速率、气孔导度、细胞间隙CO2浓度有所不同,三者之间有很好的平衡关系。其中,深层施肥处理其小麦在生长后期能够维持较高的光合速率,但气孔导度却有所降低,有效地减少了水分散失,表现出很好的节水潜力。同样水分条件下维持同样高的光合速率时,深层施肥的肥上灌水与肥下灌水相比,其受水分影响小,叶绿素含量下降快。深施肥20 cm处灌水处理,在开花后小麦叶片光合作用最强,气孔导度小,细胞间隙CO2浓度高,具有更好的节水潜力。     

A spatially-explicit method to assess the dry deposition of air pollution by urban forests in the city of Florence,Italy

Urban forests (UF) provide a range of important ecosystem services (ES) for human well-being. Relevant ES delivered by UF include urban temperature regulation, runoff mitigation, noise reduction, recreation, and air purification. In this study the potential of air pollution removal by UF in the city of Florence (Italy) was investigated. Two main air pollutants were considered – particulate matter (PM₁₀) and tropospheric ozone (O₃) – with the aim of providing a methodological framework for mapping air pollutant removal by UF and assessing the percent removal of air pollutant.The distribution of UF was mapped by high spatial resolution remote sensing data and classified into seven forest categories. The Leaf Area Index (LAI) was estimated spatially using a regression model between in-field LAI survey and Airborne Laser Scanning data and it was found to be in good linear agreement with estimates from ground-based measurements (R² = 0.88 and RMSE% = 11%). We applied pollution deposition equations by using pollution concentrations measured at urban monitoring stations and then estimated the pollutant removal potential of the UF: annual O₃ and PM₁₀ removal accounted for 77.9 t and 171.3 t, respectively. O₃ and PM₁₀ removal rates by evergreen broadleaves (16.1 and 27.3 g/m²), conifers (10.9 and 28.5 g/m²), and mixed evergreen species (15.8 and 31.7 g/m²) were higher than by deciduous broadleaf stands (4.1 and 10 g/m²). However, deciduous forests exhibited the largest total removal due to the high percentage of tree cover within the city. The present study confirms that UF play an important role in air purification in Mediterranean cities as they can remove monthly up to 5% of O₃ and 13% of PM₁₀.     

Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on grain quality of wheat

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important agricultural crops worldwide. Due to its high content of starch and unique gluten proteins, wheat grain is used for many food and non-food applications. Although grain quality is an important topic for food and feed as well as industrial processing, the consequences of future increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations on quality parameters such as nutritional and bread-making rheological properties are still unclear. Wheat productivity increases under CO₂ enrichment. Concomitantly, the chemical composition of vegetative plant parts is often changed and grain quality is altered. In particular, the decrease in grain protein concentration and changes in protein composition may have serious economic and health implications. Additionally, CO₂ enrichment affects amino acid composition and the concentrations of macro- and micro-elements. However, experimental results are often inconsistent. The present review summarises the results from numerous CO₂ enrichment experiments using different exposure techniques in order to quantify the potential impacts of projected atmospheric CO₂ levels on wheat grain yield and on aspects of grain composition relevant to processing and human nutrition.     

岷江上游径流枯水年时间序列的分形研究

分形是研究复杂自然现象的有力工具之一.本文在分形概念基础上介绍了分形在水文时间序列中的应用。利用多年径流的丰枯时间序列的分形特征,根据岷江上游多年径流丰枯变化的实测资料,对多年径流的丰枯变化长期趋势进行了预测分析,并给出了预测未来短期枯水/丰水年出现年份的方法。结果表明,利用R/S方法预测丰枯变化趋势预测是一条较为有效的途径。     

基于影像区域合并分割技术的植被覆盖分级研究--以三峡库区小江流域为例

以影像区域合并分割技术为基础,综合运用相关GIS和RS软件,提出了植被覆盖分级研究的新方法.以三峡库区小江流域为例,以2002年的TM图像为信息源,结合研究区的地形图、GPS野外采样数据、植被指数和DEM等,对研究区的植被覆盖进行了分级研究.研究表明,三峡库区小江流域的植被覆盖总体上分布不均,但与流域区位及海拔高度呈现一定的规律性空间分布格局.这一研究对确定水土流失强度等级具有十分重要的意义,也为其它的遥感影像分析应用提供参考.     

模糊模式识别模型在流域生态安全评价中的应用

生态安全是指人类赖以生存和发展的生态环境处于健康和可持续发展状态,流域生态安全评价是实现流域可持续发展的一项重要调控措施。流域生态安全评价需要通过评价模型来实现,由于生态安全是一个外延不明确的模糊概念,为此以模糊模式识别理论为基础,提出了流域生态安全评价的模糊模式识别模型。运用模型对岷江上游的生态安全现状进行了评价,建立了1,2,3共三个级别的指标体系,结果表明岷江上游生态安全处于第2级,即处于预警状态。评价结果符合岷江上游地区的生态环境状况。     

康定县退化草地空间分布与治理对策浅析

草地是康定县绿色植被生态系统的主体,是保持康定生态平衡的重要一环。基于对康定县的草地退化情况进行评价,依据退化程度评价为4级,即无明显退化草地、轻度退化草地、中度退化草地以及重度退化草地。根据评价结果,结合研究区的高程、坡度、坡向、居民点信息,分析康定县退化草地的分布情况,并对草地退化原因进行了分析,提出了退化草地的恢复与治理对策。     

基于DPSIR概念框架的区域水土保持效益评价新思路

 定量评价区域水土保持效益并得到综合质量指数,便于区域水土保持效益的纵向或横向比较,进而为水土保持技术的提升和区域生态环境建设的科学决策服务。DPSIR(driving force-pressure-state-impact-response)概念框架有助于全面分析水土保持的"驱动力"、"压力"、"状态"、"影响"和"响应",有助于理解水土保持社会、经济和环境各因素的作用过程以及彼此之间的因果关系。在介绍DPSIR概念框架的基础上,根据区域水土保持效益评价指标体系构建的主导原则,初步提出水土保持效益评价的DPSIR框架,进而提出水土保持效益评价从基础数据到综合指数集成的新思路。     

秸秆粉碎和焚烧还田对石灰性紫色土耕层土壤孔隙和有机碳的影响

为明确川中丘陵区长期不同秸秆还田方式对石灰性紫色土耕层土壤孔隙及有机碳的影响,利用田间原位监测和计算机断层扫描技术,测定夏玉米-冬小麦轮作、秸秆不还田（RMW₀）,夏玉米-冬小麦轮作、秸秆50%粉碎还田（RMW_shred）和夏玉米-冬小麦轮作、秸秆50%焚烧还田（RMW_burn）处理耕层土壤有机碳浓度、储量及孔隙特征参数。结果表明：RMW_shred和RMW_burn均能显著增加耕层土壤总孔隙度、降低土壤容重,RMW_burn耕层土壤大孔隙度是RMW_shred的2.7倍。RMW_shred和RMW_burn较RMW₀能有效改善土壤大孔隙集中分布现象,使层间大孔隙分布更均匀,3个处理孔隙数量均以当量孔径100~500μm孔隙为主,RMW_shred和RMW_burn优化了耕层土壤不同当量孔径孔隙数量比和体积比,且以RMW_shred更优。RMW_burn有利于增加耕层土壤>1000μm孔径的孔隙数量,RMW_shred耕层土壤>1000μm孔径的孔隙平均直径趋小。RMW_shred和RMW_burn平均喉道截面积、平均喉道截面形状因子、平均孔隙形状因子均较RMW₀低,长期秸秆还田使耕层土壤孔隙向有利于保水保肥的方向转变,且RMW_shred保水保肥能力较RMW_burn更优。秸秆连续还田15a后,只有RMW_shred耕层土壤有机碳浓度增幅显著。综合比较两种还田方式在改善川中丘陵区石灰性紫色土耕层土壤孔隙特征和固碳效果的差异表明,长期秸秆粉碎还田较焚烧还田更有利于改善耕层土壤孔隙特征,更能有效积累耕层土壤有机碳,更有利于川中丘陵区农业绿色发展。