Bacterial community structure and microbial activity in different soils amended with biogas residues and cattle slurry

Anaerobic digestion of organic materials generates residues of differing chemical composition compared to undigested animal manures, which may affect the soil microbial ecosystem differently when used as fertilizers. This study investigated the effects of two biogas residues (BR-A and BR-B) and cattle slurry (CS) applied at rates corresponding to 70 kg NH₄⁺-N ha⁻¹ on bacterial community structure and microbial activity in three soils of different texture (a sandy, a clay and an organic clay soil). 16S rRNA genes were targeted in PCR reactions and bacterial community profiles visualized using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism. General microbial activity was measured as basal respiration (B-resp), substrate-induced respiration (SIR), specific growth rate (μ_SIR), metabolic quotient (qCO₂) and nitrogen mineralization capacity (NMC). Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis visualized shifts in bacterial community structure related to microbial functions. There were significant differences in bacterial community structure after 120 days of incubation (+20 °C at 70% of WHC) between non-amended (control) and amended soils, especially in the sandy soil, where CS caused a more pronounced shift than biogas residues. Terminal-restriction fragment (TRF) 307, the predominant peak in CS-amended sandy soil, was identified as possibly Bacillus or Streptococcus. TRF 226, the dominant peak in organic soil amended with BR-B, was classified as Rhodopseudomonas. B-resp significantly increased and SIR decreased in all amendments to organic soil compared with the control, potentially indicating decreased efficiency of heterotrophic microorganisms to convert organic carbon into microbial biomass. This was also reflected in an elevated qCO₂ in the organic soil. The μ_SIR level was higher in the sandy soil amended with BR-A than with BR-B or CS, indicating a shift toward species capable of rapidly utilizing glucose. NMC was significantly elevated in the clay and organic soils amended with BR-A and BR-B and in the sandy soil amended with BR-B and CS. Thus, biogas residues and cattle slurry had different effects on the bacterial community structure and microbial activity in the three soils. However, the effects of biogas residues on microbial activities were comparable in magnitude to those of cattle slurry and the bacterial community structure was less affected. Therefore, we do not see any reason not to recommend using biogas residues as fertilizers based on the results presented.     

Yield and water consumption characteristics of wheat/maize intercropping with reduced tillage in an Oasis region

Higher irrigation quota for conventional farming causes substantial conflicts between water supply and demand in agriculture, and wind erosion near soil surface is one of the major causes of farmland degradation and desertification in arid areas. This research investigated the effect of the amounts of irrigation in combination with tillage practices on soil evaporation (E), water consumption (ET) characteristics, and grain yield performance and water use efficiency (WUE) for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) intercropped with maize (Zea mays L.) in strip planting in an Oasis region. The field experiment, conducted at Wuwei station during 2008–2010, had two tillage systems (reduced tillage with wheat stubble retention vs. conventional tillage without stubble retention), and three (low, medium, and high) levels of irrigation, in a randomized complete block design. Averaged across three years, soil evaporation with medium and high levels of irrigation was 6.8% and 5.4% greater than that with low level of irrigation, respectively. Total water consumption of wheat/maize crops under the medium and high irrigation levels was 8.5% and 18.5% greater, respectively, than that under low irrigation. However, grain yields were similar under the medium and high levels of irrigation, so was WUE. The effect of tillage on the wheat/maize intercropping was inconsistent across years or among treatments: soil moisture at harvest was 3.0–7.6% greater in the fields with reduced tillage compared with those with conventional tillage in 2008 and 2009, but no difference was found in 2010; the E/ET ratio of reduced tillage was 9% lower than the ratio under conventional tillage in 2008, 3% higher in 2010, but no difference between the two tillage systems in 2009. Across three years, there was a general trend that the WUE of the wheat/maize intercropping system with reduced tillage was greater (by 4–11%) than that with conventional tillage. We conclude that a medium level of irrigation is sufficient to achieve crop yields and WUE equivalent to those under high level of irrigation, provided that a reduced tillage practice is applied to the wheat/maize intercropping in Oasis areas.     

分布式生态水文模型TOPOG在温带山地小流域的应用———以祁连山排露沟小流域为例

TOPOG模型是基于热带森林小流域研究而开发的生态水文过程模型.为了检验该模型在模拟温带小流域森林水文影响方面的适用性,本文应用祁连山排露沟小流域2001年和2002年生长季的生态水文数据,运用TOPOG模型的"水量"模式模拟了流域的林冠截留、蒸散与径流等生态水文过程,并对其进行了检验.结果表明:TOPOG模型能准确的模拟雨量为5～25 mm的次降雨截留量;也能较准确的模拟海拔2 730～3 100 m的青海云杉林总蒸散量及其组成,以及海拔2 700～2 800 m的阳坡草地总蒸散量;模拟的生长季小流域径流量与实测值相一致.     

聚丙烯酰胺对干旱半干旱区不同作物水分利用及产值的影响

为了在半干旱区和干旱区农业生产中推广应用聚丙烯酰胺(polyacrylamide,PAM),在半干旱区选择了西瓜、马铃薯、玉米和谷子,在干旱区选择了春小麦、向日葵、玉米和番茄,以不施PAM为对照,测定PAM对不同作物产量、产值、水分利用效率和水分生产率的影响。结果表明半干旱区西瓜、马铃薯、玉米和谷子的产量分别提高了36.76%、24.83%、20.20%和13.16%,产值提高了36.32%,23.04%,9.37%,10.18%,水分利用效率提高了30.15%,18.83%,13.42%和6.24%,水分生产率提高了30.57%,22.97%,16.79%和11.66%。干旱区春小麦、向日葵、玉米、番茄的产量分别提高了18.56%,12.82%,13.65%和16.54%,产值提高了12.78%,10.70%,9.53%和14.71%,水分利用效率提高了13.49%,17.03%,12.96%和25.12%,水分生产率提高了16.14%,11.62%,11.79%和14.85%。干旱区春小麦的增产率和增值率虽然高于向日葵,但增产值却极显著低于向日葵。建议半干旱区应用PAM应优先选择西瓜和马铃薯,干旱区应优先选择番茄和向日葵。     

基于ERDAS的地表粗粒信息提取模块设计与客户化

为提高获取地表粗粒化信息的工作效率,确立了利用ERDAS IMAGINE从RGB三波段光学照片中提取颗粒大小信息的操作步骤(①图片格式转换→②图像裁剪→③粗粒化信息空间模型分类→④小图斑去除分析→⑤矢量化),并集成、开发了相应的客户化应用模块,简化了多文件相同算法处理时不断更改模型输入输出参数的繁琐操作,汉化、直观的模块界面使用方便,能有效地提高图像处理效率.本文举例介绍利用EML宏语言及Spatial Modeler定制客户化界面及实现模块功能的方法,希望能为ERDAS软件在土壤侵蚀、荒漠化监测领域的开发应用提供参考.     

苹果新梢叶片光合作用的测定

以盛果期‘红富士’苹果为研究对象,在树冠外围东南处中部,利用LI-6400光合仪测定延长枝、发育枝、果台副梢、叶丛枝最大叶片的光合能力,以准确测定苹果叶片光合能力。结果表明:不同新梢叶片的光合速率、气孔导度日变化为双峰曲线,胞间CO2浓度为反抛物线,蒸腾速率为单峰曲线。延长枝叶片的光合能力较高,叶丛枝较低,果台副梢、发育枝居中。发育枝叶片生长发育受果实的生长发育影响较小,可作为苹果光合作用测定的适宜叶片。     

河套灌区地膜春小麦适宜播种量研究

为促进河套灌区地膜春小麦生产并实现精量播种,设置不同的穴播量,监测露地直播春小麦(对照)和地膜覆盖穴播春小麦的生长性状和经济性状。结果表明:地膜覆盖春小麦较露地直播的早出苗7 d,早分蘖5 d,早抽穗5 d,早成熟4 d。地膜覆盖春小麦的分蘖力高于露地直播,但分蘖成穗力则与露地直播的基本一致。与露地直播春小麦相比,地膜覆盖春小麦的株高较高,茎秆较粗,单茎生物量较高,根系分布较浅。地膜覆盖春小麦的单茎根系生物量在扬花期前高于露地直播,扬花期后则低于露地直播。地膜覆盖春小麦的单穴茎数、单穴生物量及单穴根系生物量高于露地直播,但根冠比却低于露地直播。露地直播春小麦以穴播14粒的产量最高,地膜覆盖的以穴播12粒的产量最高。相同穴播量下地膜覆盖春小麦的产量高于露地直播,千粒重和经济系数则低于露地直播。河套灌区地膜覆盖春小麦的适宜穴播量为10～12粒,即为常规露地条播量的70%～84%。     

穴播条件下地膜覆盖及播种量对春小麦土壤水盐分布的影响

[目的]在河套平原开展了地膜覆盖及穴播量对春小麦土壤水盐分布的影响研究,为减轻土壤盐渍化,提高土壤水分利用效率,实现精量化播种,促进地膜春小麦生产提供科学指导。[方法]以穴播不同量(穴播量分别为8粒,10粒,12粒,14粒和16粒)的露地春小麦为对照,监测穴播不同量的地膜春小麦对土壤水分、盐分分布及春小麦产量的影响。[结果]地膜覆盖与露地穴播的土壤水分均随穴播量的增加而降低;且从播种至灌浆期不同穴播量间的差异随着春小麦的生长而增大。相同穴播量下地膜覆盖的土壤水分在孕穗期前高于露地,扬花期后则低于露地;整个生长期地膜覆盖的耗水量略高于露地。地膜覆盖与露地穴播的土壤盐分均随穴播量的增加而降低但无显著差异,相同穴播量下地膜覆盖0—30 cm土层土壤盐分显著低于露地,30 cm土层以下则与露地基本一致。地膜覆盖与露地穴播的土壤水分利用效率均随穴播量的增加而增加,相同穴播量下地膜覆盖的春小麦产量和水分利用效率、水分产出率高于露地,千粒重和经济系数则低于露地。露地穴播的产量及水分产出率均以穴播14粒的最高,地膜覆盖的产量以穴播12粒的最高,水分产出率以穴播10粒的最高。[结论]地膜覆盖可降低0—30 cm土层土壤盐分,提高土壤水分利用效率,河套平原地膜春小麦的适宜穴播量应为当地常规露地条播量的70%至84%,即穴播10至12粒。     

放牧干扰下荒漠草原植物功能群数量特征与输沙量的关系

[目的]分析放牧干扰下草地群落及功能群数量特征变化与草地土壤风蚀间的关系,阐明草地不同功能群对草地侵蚀过程的影响,为荒漠草原合理放牧利用及保护提供理论依据。[方法]以内蒙古短花针茅荒漠草原为研究对象,采取完全随机试验设计设置对照、中度和重度3个不同的放牧处理,对不同处理下的草地输沙量和功能群特征进行研究。[结果](1)随放牧强度增加,各功能群内物种高度、盖度和地上生物量基本呈下降态势。适当放牧能显著提高Simpson优势度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数。(2)各放牧处理间的草地输沙量差异显著,不同输沙高度处的草地输沙量变化规律均为HG>MG>CK,同一放牧处理下,随输沙高度上升输沙率显著降低。(3)各功能群高度、盖度与输沙量均存在指数负相关关系,其中多年生禾草和多年生杂类草的高度变化对输沙量的影响更显著。各功能群的地上生物量与输沙量存在负相关指数关系,其中多年生禾草的生物量与输沙量的拟合程度最高。[结论]过度放牧会显著影响功能群特征并降低草地的防风固沙能力,建议放牧强度控制在中度及以下。     

内蒙古东部干旱年份玉米需水规律及灌溉制度优化

基于通辽市丰田灌溉试验站3年野外实测试验,对该地区干旱年份玉米需水规律开展研究,结果表明:研究区干旱年份玉米拔节期与抽雄期耗水量占玉米整个生育期的50%以上,耗水强度依次表现为抽雄期拔节期灌浆期苗期,各生育阶段日耗水强度介于0.79~6.50 mm·d~(-1)之间;玉米干旱年份苗期、拔节期水分胁迫处理减产率较小,均未达到显著水平,抽雄期水分胁迫造成的减产量最大,多年平均达10%以上。干旱年份随着玉米耗水量的增加,产量持续增加,而水分生产率先升后降,合理的水分胁迫有利于提高干旱年份水资源的利用效率;同时通过数学模型与动态规划,提出了干旱年份玉米不同灌溉定额条件下的非充分优化灌溉制度,干旱年份应首先保证玉米抽雄期、灌浆期各灌水1次的要求,每次灌水约600 m3·hm-2。