DROUGHT STRESS: Soil Water Availability Alters the Inter‐ and Intra‐Cultivar Competition of Three Spring Wheat Cultivars Bred in Different Eras

Competition for water generates a classic aspect of the tragedy of the commons, the ‘race for fish’, where crops must allocate more resource to acquisition of the limiting resource than is optimal for crop yield allocation. A pot experiment using a simple additive (target–neighbour) design was conducted to examine the above‐ground and below‐ground growth of three spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars when grown alone and in mixtures at three levels of water availability. The effects of competition and water availability were compared by observing patterns of growth, biomass allocation and below‐ground outcomes. Competitive interactions were investigated among cultivars ‘HST’, ‘GY602’ and ‘LC8275’, target plant of each cultivar grown without neighbouring plants are referred to herein as control plant and one target plant of each cultivar sown surrounded either by same or another cultivar as intra‐ or inter‐cultivar competition. Competitive ability was assessed as the response ratio (lnRR) between the target plant surrounded by six other plants and the target plant in isolation. Our results showed that the cultivar ‘HST’, released over a century ago, produced a higher biomass and grain yield than the more recently released cultivars ‘LC8275’ and ‘GY602’ when grown as isolated plants with sufficient water supply. However, competition for resources from neighbours led to target plant biomass and grain yield being significantly reduced relative to controls in all three cultivars, particularly in ‘HST’. When subjected to intra‐cultivar competition, the two recently released cultivars ‘LC8275’ and ‘GY602’ had higher grain yields and water use efficiency for grain than ‘HST’ in all three water regimes. The landrace ‘HST’ had better and significantly linear relationships between biomass and biomass allocation, root length and specific root length, whereas the recent and modern cultivars had much more water‐related species‐specific changes in root morphology and allocation patterns. These results suggest that crop traits that influence competitive ability, such as biomass allocation to roots and root plasticity in response to drought have changed in modern wheat cultivars because of breeding and selection.     

农杆菌介导冷调节基因（Cbcor15a）遗传转化甘蔗体系的建立

【目的】利用农杆菌介导法,将外源冷调节基因Cbcor15a导入甘蔗愈伤组织,建立快速、高效的甘蔗遗传转化体系,为培育具抗寒性甘蔗品种奠定基础。【方法】以新台糖22号（ROC22）为材料,通过对愈伤组织诱导、分化、生根等培养基进行优化,筛选出外源基因转化甘蔗的适合激素种类与用量、PPT用量、抗生素种类与用量;利用甘蔗转基因二元植物表达载体pCambia1300-Cbcor15a-bar,通过农杆菌介导法将目的基因Cbcor15a导入甘蔗愈伤组织。【结果】当农杆菌菌液OD600为0.4、侵染20 min时有利于愈伤组织分化;甘蔗愈伤组织诱导和分化培养阶段的最佳PPT为0.50mg/L。侵染后在共培养中添加500.00 mg/L抗生素Cef能有效抑制农杆菌,添加300.00 mg/L抗生素Cef能促进愈伤组织分化成苗,添加200.00 mg/L抗生素Cef能促进幼苗生根。MS培养基中添加低量NAA更有利于甘蔗愈伤组织的分化;在促进细胞分裂时KT的效果明显优于6-BA。MS培养基中添加5.00 mg/LNAA和70.00g/L蔗糖能有效促进分化苗生根。利用建立的遗传转化体系可获得286株转冷调节基因Cbcor15a的甘蔗转化植株;选取83株通过PPT抗性筛选后长势良好的转化植株进行阳性检测,其中有4株呈阳性。【结论】利用农杆菌介导的Cbcor15a基因转化甘蔗的遗传转化体系能成功将Cbcor15a基因整合到甘蔗基因组。     

一株曲霉的一种中温糖化酶的纯化及其部分酶学特性

本研究从广西花坪自然保护区采集的土壤中筛选获得了一株产糖化酶丝状真菌菌株57-45,通过形态学观察和真菌内转录间隔区（internal transcribed spacer,ITS）序列比对分析,将其初步鉴定为曲霉属（Aspergillus sp.）的一个种。纯化真菌57-45所产的一种胞外糖化酶经过硫酸铵分级沉淀、疏水层析和阴离子交换层析三步蛋白质纯化步骤,得到在SDS-PAGE上约60kD的单一蛋白质条带,薄层层析分析表明该纯化的蛋白质水解可溶性淀粉的产物只有葡萄糖,证明该纯化的蛋白质为糖化酶。纯化的糖化酶Km值为1.9mg/mL,Vmax为4148μmol/（min·mg）,最适作用pH5.5,最适作用温度50℃,在同步糖化发酵中有应用的潜力。金属离子Fe3＋、Zn2＋、Cu2＋对酶活有较强的抑制作用,EDTA对酶活有较强的促进作用。本文结果将为进一步研究曲霉糖化酶的酶学特性提供新的材料。     

野油菜黄单胞菌中6-磷酸海藻糖合成酶注释基因的功能鉴定

6-磷酸海藻糖在微生物碳代谢调节及抗逆生理中起着极其重要的作用。在野油菜黄单胞菌野油菜致病变种(Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris,Xcc)8004菌株的基因组中,XC1076注释为6-磷酸海藻糖合成酶。利用突变和表型检测技术,对XC1076进行功能鉴定,结果显示,XC1076的Tn5gusA5插入突变体006B12,在含3%NaCl的NYGB培养基中生长明显缓慢,在含葡萄糖为惟一碳源的NCM培养基中几乎不能生长,反式互补能够基本恢复野生型表型,这说明XC1076与碳代谢调控和抗高渗有关。这些表型实验结果揭示,XC1076的ORF编码的蛋白具有6-磷酸海藻糖合成酶活性。致病生化因子检测显示,XC1076与Xcc胞外酶和胞外多糖的分泌无关。     

Purification of Two Antimicrobial Substances Produced by Bacillus subtilis Strain B11 and Their Properties

Two antimicrobial substances produced by Bacillus subtilis strain B 11 were purified by boiling, DEAE 52 anion exchange chromatography and aluminum oxide adsorption chromatography, These purified substances showed only one spot on silica gel thin layer chromatography （TLC）. Antimicrobial assays showed that antimicrobial substances A and B inhibited the growth of plant pathogens such as Fusarium oxysporum Schl f.sp. niveum, Rhizoctonia solani, Ralstonia solanacearum and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. In addition, antimicrobial substance B could also inhibit the growth of Magnaporthe grisea. These two antimicrobial substances were resistant to proteolytic enzymes and temperature as high as 121℃.     

一个新的内切葡聚糖酶基因umcel5K的克隆、表达及其表达产物的酶学特性

从水牛瘤胃内容物的添加滤纸为碳源的富集培养物中提取未培养微生物的总DNA,以柯斯质粒为载体构建了1个含约8000个克隆的宏基因组文库,对文库进行活性筛选获得1个既表达CMCase活性又表达4-MUCase酶活性的克隆。亚克隆及测序分析发现1个潜在的可编码333个氨基酸的ORF(Open Reading Frame),其蛋白质产物与1个来源于未培养细菌的糖苷水解酶家族5的纤维素酶Cel A的同源性最高,两者的一致性为53%,相似性为68%。将PCR扩增的该基因完整的ORF克隆入表达载体pET30a(+),在大肠杆菌中得到其过量表达产物。经过Ni-NTA纯化后,该表达产物(Umcel5K)具有CMCase活性和4-MUCase酶活性,其最适pH是4.5~5.0,最适温度是50°C。pH耐受性检测表明,该酶在pH4~4.5比较稳定。温度耐受性实验表明该酶不耐高温,在55°C以下比较稳定。经过镍柱纯化的酶液比活为26.15 U/mg。部分金属离子如Fe3+、Cr2+或Cu2+会抑制该酶的酶活,而另外一些金属离子如K+、Li+等对Umcel5K的活性影响不大。     

过量表达OsNPR1基因稳定提高水稻对白叶枯病的抗性

在拟南芥中,NPR1是系统获得抗性SA信号传导途径中的一个重要的调节因子,在水稻中已克隆到与之同源的OsNPR1基因。构建OsNPR1基因水稻过量表达载体,并将其转化粳稻TP309得到转基因植株;通过自交纯合,得到17个纯合株系;对T3、T4代纯合株系进行PCR鉴定,证实转基因纯合株系中外源伪OsNPR1基因具有遗传稳定性;检测了T1、T2代转基因株系和T3代转基因纯合株系对水稻白叶枯病病原细菌Xanthomonas oryzae pv．oryzae的抗病性,结果表明,在T1、T2代中70％以上的株系对水稻白叶枯病的抗性显著提高,T3代中约67％的株系对水稻白叶枯病的抗性显著提高,说明这种抗病性的提高具有遗传稳定性。OsNPR1基因可作为选育水稻抗白叶枯病新种质的一个良好的候选基因。     

Inhibition of FGF Signalling Pathway Augments the Expression of Pluripotency and Trophoblast Lineage Marker Genes in Porcine Parthenogenetic Blastocyst

The consistent failure to isolate bona fide pluripotent cell lines from livestock indicates that the underlying mechanisms of early lineage specification are poorly defined. Unlike other species, the contrivances of segregation have been comprehensively studied in the mouse. In mouse, FGF/MAPK signalling pathway dictates the segregation of hypoblast (primitive endoderm). However, it is not evident whether this mechanism is also conserved in livestock. Here, in this study, we examined the roles of FGF/MAP kinase signalling pathways in porcine parthenogenetic embryos during the early development. Porcine parthenogenetic embryos were cultured in the medium addition with FGFR inhibitor BGJ398 (10 μm ) or DEMOS. Pluripotency‐ and lineage‐related gene expressions in the early porcine embryos were determined. Compared to control, total cell numbers on day 7 were significantly higher (55 ± 5.96 vs 47 ± 1.97, p < 0.05) in embryos cultured in the presence of BGJ398, but had no significant effect on the rate of blastocyst development (47% vs 44%, p > 0.05). Nonetheless, BGJ398 treatment significantly augmented the expression of pluripotency and trophoblast marker genes (SOX2, OCT4, KLF4 and CDX2), but did not significantly change the expression of NANOG and hypoblast marker gene (GATA4). Furthermore, the addition of FGF signalling agonist (FGF2) during the embryo development significantly decreased the expression of pluripotency and trophoblast marker genes (SOX2, NANOG, KLF4 and CDX2), but no significant effect on the expression of OCT4 and GATA4 was observed. Here, we exhibit that inhibition of FGF signalling could improve the quality of the porcine embryo and escalate the chance to capture pluripotency. Besides, it also promotes the trophoblast development of porcine parthenogenetic embryo. In addition, the data suggested that FGF signalling pathway is dispensable for the segregation of hypoblast and epiblast lineages in porcine embryo during the early development.     

宿根矮化病菌对甘蔗品质及茎、叶超微结构的影响

 甘蔗宿根矮化病(Ratoon Stunting Disease, RSD)是由Leifsonia xyli subsp.xyli (Lxx)引起的,是目前世界所有植蔗地区危害性极大的病害之一。本实验以甘蔗品种新台糖22号(ROC22)健康植株为对照,感染RSD植株为处理,观察和测定RSD侵染甘蔗引起的蔗株农艺性状、蔗糖分以及茎、叶超微结构的变化。结果表明:(1)感染RSD种茎的出苗率比对照减少2.94个百分点;株高比对照下降28.85 cm;茎径比对照减少0.28 cm;节间长度比对照减短3.50 cm;单茎重比对照低0.36 kg。(2)感染RSD植株的蔗糖分低于对照0.9个百分点(绝对值)。(3)利用透射电镜技术对感染RSD植株茎、叶细胞超微结构进行观察表明,叶片叶肉细胞、维管束鞘细胞及茎细胞内的细胞器及细胞核都发生了明显的病理变化。与健康叶片相比,叶绿体变形,叶绿体基质片层大部分消解,基粒结构消失,叶绿体外膜和内膜剥离。线粒体形态异常,有的肿大、内嵴模糊,严重者内嵴消失并空泡化,仅剩未被消解的残骸;细胞核形态变为不规则,核膜破裂,染色质分布不均匀,呈降解状态。在感染RSD甘蔗茎维管束导管细胞内积累有大量的电子致密物质,细胞壁有不同程度的溶解和断裂,这可能和RSD病原细菌侵染有关。以上结果表明:RSD侵染甘蔗后,可能导致光合效率下降,对水分和营养物质的运输能力降低,从而导致甘蔗品质和产量的降低。