The routes to fruit: Governance of urban food trees in Canada

Interest in planting urban food trees (UFTs) in public spaces is growing in popularity as a form of urban greening and a potential food source. Currently there is minimal research on the governance and policy aspects of integrating food trees into cities. To fill this gap, we investigated the characteristics of UFT site governance and how it compares to current urban forest governance. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with relevant municipal officials in Calgary, Edmonton, Toronto and Victoria about their perspectives and involvement with UFT sites in their city. A scan of policy documents was completed to supplement the interviews. The interviews were analyzed using a deductive coding framework based on the Policy Arrangement Approach. We found that key actors at the UFT sites were local organizations and site champions, with minimal municipal engagement. Most site resources provided by municipalities were in-kind. There are also basic knowledge gaps about how to care for UFTs. Currently municipal by-laws prohibit the harvesting and removal of plant material, and are at odds with the purpose of UFT sites, with few municipalities fully integrating UFTs in policies. The primary discussion around UFTs centre concerns for public health and safety, management, and use of public space with limited discussions of benefits. This research demonstrates the value of co-governance models to support UFTs, while a shift in focus from risks to benefits could encourage additional resources and policy integration. Further, including UFTs into policy would also support foraging and food tree maintenance in public spaces, and more fully reflect the plurality of urban forest engagement.     

Citizens’ perception of and satisfaction with urban forests and green space: Results from selected Southeast European cities

In this paper the results of the first comprehensive study on perception of and satisfaction with urban forests and green space in seven Southeast European cities are presented. The aims of the paper are to analyse 1) citizen perceptions of the current state of urban forests and green space in their cities, 2) to what extent current urban forests and green space meet their needs and how this can be improved. A cross-sectional study was conducted by using a common face-to-face survey questionnaire. Respondents were selected based on census data though a stratified sampling procedure by taking into account age, gender and city district (n = 384 in each city). The results showed that citizens genuinely care for urban forests and green space in their cities, but are not satisfied with their current state. The respondents found issues related to misbehaviour of other users, the presence and quality of facilities, as well as the presence and quality of management or maintenance the most pressing. There were more statistically significant differences than similarities between cities. Socioeconomic variables explained perceptions only to some extent. Citizens were very supportive of educational campaigns about the importance of urban forests and green space as well as of better enforcement of the existing regulations though having more community wardens that were expected to tackle current unsatisfactory situations. Urban planning and urban forest and green space management in these cities are facing many problems characteristic for post-socialist countries. Study findings are expected to contribute to decision making in urban planning and natural resource management.     

Estimation irrigation water requirements with derived crop coefficients for upland and paddy crops in ChiaNan Irrigation Association,Taiwan

Field experiments were performed at the HsuehChia Experimental Station from 1993 to 2001 to calculate the reference and actual crop evapotranspiration, derived the crop coefficient, and collected requirements input data for the CROPWAT irrigation management model to estimate the irrigation water requirements of paddy and upland crops at the ChiaNan Irrigation Association, Taiwan. For corn, the estimated crop coefficients were 0.40, 0.78, 0.89 and 0.71 in the initial, crop development, mid-season and late-season stages, respectively. Meanwhile, the estimated crop coefficients for sorghum were 0.44, 0.71, 0.87 and 0.62 in the four stages, respectively. Finally, for soybean, the estimated crop coefficients were 0.45, 0.89, 0.92 and 0.58 in the four stages, respectively. With implementation of REF-ET model and FAO 56 Penman–Monteith method, the annual reference evapotranspiration was 1268 mm for ChiaNan Irrigation Association.In the paddy fields, the irrigation water requirements and deep percolation are 962 and 295 mm, respectively, for the first rice crop, and 1114 and 296 mm for the second rice crop. Regarding the upland crops, the irrigation water requirements for spring and autumn corn are 358 and 273 mm, respectively, compared to 332 and 366 mm for sorghum, and 350 and 264 mm for soybean. For the irrigated scheme with single and double rice cropping patterns in the ChiaNan Irrigation Association, the CROPWAT model simulated results indicate that the annual crop water demands are 507 and 1019 mm, respectively, and the monthly water requirements peaked in October at 126 mm and in January at 192 mm, respectively.     

基于GIS农业生态气候适宜性评价及农业优化布局研究——以关中地区为例(英文)

本文采用关中地区长时间序列气象站点农业气候观测数据,借助气象数据空间化模型,对主要农业气候要素进行空间栅格化。在此基础上,运用模糊数学方法,构建农业气候生态适宜性测评模型,对关中地区农业气候生态适宜度进行100m×100m小网格尺度上综合评价,依据评价结果和关中地区农业发展实际需求,提出关中地区农业发展优化布局分区和可持续农业发展战略。研究结果表明:关中地区的农业生态气候适宜性资源指数空间差异显著,呈现出北低南高,纬度地带性规律比较明显;效能指数空间分异呈现为南北低中部高格局。资源指数与效能指数北部都较低,但北部的光照条件较好,关中地区的农业生产布局应该充分利用北部的光照条件与南部的降水与湿度条件,因地制宜的进行农业的生产的空间布局,加强农田水利设施建设,破除水资源约束瓶颈。从关中农业资源环境本底出发,对关中农业生产布局进行优化分区,可将分为五个大区,即渭北旱塬区,充分利用光照和温差自然条件,应大力发展林果基地,同时拓展林果加工产业链。平原灌溉区,结合水热组合条件,建设规模成片的高标准基本农田,大力发展现代化农业模式的小麦生产基地,大中城市周围应大力发展蔬菜基地。秦岭北坡区,水源涵养功能突出,大力发展观光生态农业,同时加大中药材等农副业的发展。大荔沙区,应积极植树造林,改造沙荒,积极发展粮果套种,果菜套种。泾渭黄洛滩涂地区,应当因地利用丰富的水资源,开发渔业和发展综合的农林牧业,沿河两岸建设护岸林带,营造速生产林,发展沿河的乡村旅游产业。     

分布式生态水文模型TOPOG在温带山地小流域的应用———以祁连山排露沟小流域为例

TOPOG模型是基于热带森林小流域研究而开发的生态水文过程模型.为了检验该模型在模拟温带小流域森林水文影响方面的适用性,本文应用祁连山排露沟小流域2001年和2002年生长季的生态水文数据,运用TOPOG模型的"水量"模式模拟了流域的林冠截留、蒸散与径流等生态水文过程,并对其进行了检验.结果表明:TOPOG模型能准确的模拟雨量为5～25 mm的次降雨截留量;也能较准确的模拟海拔2 730～3 100 m的青海云杉林总蒸散量及其组成,以及海拔2 700～2 800 m的阳坡草地总蒸散量;模拟的生长季小流域径流量与实测值相一致.     

基于混合效应的湖南马尾松次生林单木生长模型

【目的】建立湖南省马尾松次生林单木断面积与材积生长模型,为林木的生长预估提供理论依据。【方法】以湖南省2014年一类清查样地中的20块马尾松次生林为研究对象,选取5个具有生物学意义的生长方程,建立马尾松断面积和材积随年龄变化的基础模型,在此基础上,加入以样地为随机效应的随机参数,构建基于混合效应的湖南马尾松次生林单木断面积和材积生长模型。【结果】断面积生长最优基础模型为Logistic方程,其确定系数(R2=0.746)和预测精度(P=98.13%)最大,残差平方和(SSE=0.025)最小;材积生长最优基础模型为Richards方程,其R2为0.703,预测精度为97.20%,SSE为1.034;混合效应模型模拟结果显示,断面积和材积生长模型的随机参数均为μ1、μ2、μ3。混合效应模型的拟合效果较基础模型有显著提升,其中断面积生长模型的R2由0.746提升到0.974,平均误差Bias由0.000 26降低到0.000 01;材积生长模型的R2由0.703提升到0.984,平均误差Bias由0.001 73降低到0.000 13。两个模型的预测精度较对应的基础模型均有所提升。【结论】含样地效应的混合效应模型拟合效果和预测精度均优于基础模型,具有更高的适用性,可为该林分的可持续经营提供科学指导。     

长期施肥对不同深度稻田土壤团聚体磷素分配的影响

长期磷肥投入显著增加了耕层土壤各团聚体组分中磷素累积,而作为评判磷素是否向地下水迁移的重要指标,深层土壤团聚体磷素分配对长期磷肥投入的响应仍缺乏系统评估。本研究依托始于1981年红壤稻田长期定位试验,选取不施磷肥（NK）、氮磷钾化肥（NPK）和氮磷钾化肥配施有机肥（NPKM）处理,在长期试验40年后（2020年）,分别采集0~20、20~40、40~60 cm深度的土壤样品,测定了全土和各团聚体组分的总磷和有效磷含量,并探讨了施肥-团聚体质量百分比-团聚体磷素之间的内在关系。结果表明,所有施肥处理均表现为>2 mm团聚体质量百分比随着土壤深度的增加而逐渐降低,与NK处理相比,磷肥施用显著提高了0~20 cm和20~40 cm全土和团聚体组分中有效磷含量,且NPKM处理的增幅最大。与NK处理相比,NPKM处理下0~20、20~40cm和40~60 cm各团聚体总磷含量分别提高了2.14~2.60、1.39~2.80倍和27.03%~180%,各团聚体有效磷含量增幅分别为12.95~18.29、7.57~12.31倍和70.67%~709%。同时,NPKM处理总磷和有效磷的增幅呈现出随着团聚体粒径的增大而逐渐增加的趋势。水稻吸磷量和磷素盈余量也表现为NPKM处理最高,NPK处理次之,NK处理最低。进一步分析发现,团聚体总磷和有效磷含量主要受磷素盈余量的影响,且团聚体中的有效磷含量还受总磷含量的直接调控。研究表明,40年长期有机无机肥配施显著影响红壤稻田表层和深层团聚体磷素分配,且>2 mm团聚体组分中有效磷含量的响应最为敏感,通过调控磷素盈余可以显著影响团聚体中磷分配。     

玛纳斯河流域土壤水稳定同位素特征及运移机制

干旱区土壤水分垂直方向运移与分配,特别是膜下滴灌绿洲地区土壤水分垂直方向分布现状与运移机制尚不清楚。为探究干旱区农田生态系统水分层贡献问题,阐明农田土壤中水分运移过程,于2019年沿新疆玛纳斯河流域农田土壤进行分层采样,依次为0~5、5~10、10~20、20~40、40~60、60~80、80~100 cm。测定了稳定同位素δD和δ¹⁸O值,对同位素δD和δ¹⁸O值进行数据分析。结果表明： δD和δ¹⁸O最大值位于0~5 cm土层,分别为-25.64‰和-0.19‰; δD和δ¹⁸O最小值位于20~40 cm土层,分别为-108.32‰和-8.19‰。0~5 cm土层δD和δ¹⁸O值较高,表明上层比下层更易受水分蒸发作用影响,存在强蒸发效应。随土层深度增加,δD和δ¹⁸O值呈减小趋势,其中80~100 cm土层变化趋势缓慢。氘盈余值表现为山地>平原>荒漠>山前。研究表明,受长期膜下滴灌影响,加之蒸发作用强烈,玛纳斯河流域土壤水分迁移过程发生改变。     

腾格里沙漠南缘风积物粒度空间分布及物源指示

为探讨腾格里沙漠南缘风积物物源,基于粒度参数分析其空间分布,采用粒度端元分析并与潜在源区对比,结合常量元素法进行了多角度探究。结果表明:黄河北岸沉积物粒度较南岸粗,两岸沉积物粒度存在较明显的空间差异性。粒度空间分布差异结合风沙活动、地形特征,可表明腾格里沙漠南缘的黄河北岸为南岸沉积物的上风向源区之一; 就地球化学元素分析表明,沙漠南缘与祁连山区常量元素特征具有一定相似性,与沙漠腹地差异较大。提取4个端元,多角度分析表明端元1(峰值粒径范围是30～50 μm)为全由祁连山北麓风成沙所组成的沉积体,端元2(100～120 μm)主要由沿黄北岸风成沙和黄河二次搬运所组成。端元3(170～250 μm和15～25 μm)为沿黄以北就地起沙,端元4(300～600 μm和10～20 μm)由黄河搬运沉积物所组成。综上,可认为腾格里沙漠南部边缘区沙物质主要是由黄河、沿黄以北和祁连山北麓所提供。     

博斯腾湖湖滨绿洲土壤表层含盐量高光谱估算模型

以博斯腾湖湖滨绿洲为研究区,对土壤高光谱反射率R进行数学光谱变换,并计算其差值型、比值型、归一化型3种盐分指数,通过显著性检验优选特征波段,结合土壤表层盐分实验数据,构建基于地理加权回归模型的土壤表层盐分含量估算模型。研究结果表明:1)土壤表层盐分含量平均值为7.535 g·kg^-1,其光谱变换建模选取的特征波段集中在466~482、1669~1728、1979~2371 nm,其中对数倒数的一阶微分(1/lg R)′相关性较好,相关系数绝对值为0.672;2)构建3种盐分指数优选的特征波段集中在1700~1728、1992~2014、2375~2405 nm,建立的模型决定系数均大于0.870,光谱反射率R的决定系数仅为0.621;3)差值型盐分指数优选特征波段建立的地理加权回归模型为最优模型,建模集与检验集的决定系数R2分别为0.934和0.915,RMSE分别为1.186和0.917。