重庆市不同规模灌区农灌水有效利用系数测算与对比研究

通过对重庆市不同规模灌区农田灌溉用水有效利用系数计算结果的比较研究,对出现的中型灌区农田灌溉用水有效利用系数大于小型灌区的结果进行合理性分析,并为重庆市农田灌溉用水有效利用系数的进一步提高,提出相关建议,为政府相关部门的科学决策提供参考.综合考虑重庆的地形、气候、土壤等因素.根据选定灌区的实测数据,采用首尾测算法计算2017年重庆市不同规模灌溉农田灌溉水的有效利用系数,采用单因素和主成分分析法,分析影响农田灌溉水有效灌溉系数的主要因素. 1)通过测算, 2017年重庆市中型灌区农田灌溉水有效利用系数为0.499,小型灌区为0.487,推算全市为0.495; 2)在影响农田灌溉水有效利用系数的主要因素中,当地的节水工程和管理状况所占的比例大于自然因素; 3)中型灌区在节水工程的投资、管理和维护等方面均优于小型灌区; 4)自然因素中,降水量对农田灌溉水有效利用系数具有一定的负面影响.     

Monitoring wheat phenology and irrigation in Central Morocco: On the use of relationships between evapotranspiration,crops coefficients,leaf area index and remotely-sensed vegetation indices

The monitoring of crop production and irrigation at a regional scale can be based on the use of ecosystem process models and remote sensing data. The former simulate the time courses of the main biophysical variables which affect crop photosynthesis and water consumption at a fine time step (hourly or daily); the latter allows to provide the spatial distribution of these variables over a region of interest at a time span from 10 days to a month. In this context, this study investigates the feasibility of using the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from remote sensing data to provide indirect estimates of: (1) the leaf area index (LAI), which is a key-variable of many crop process models; and (2) crop coefficients, which represent the ratio of actual (AET) to reference (ET₀) evapotranspiration.A first analysis is performed based on a dataset collected at field in an irrigated area of the Haouz plain (region of Marrakesh, Central Morocco) during the 2002–2003 agricultural season. The seasonal courses of NDVI, LAI, AET and ET₀ have been compared, then crop coefficients have been calculated using a method that allows roughly to separate soil evaporation from plant transpiration. This allows to compute the crop basal coefficient (K_cb) restricted to the plant transpiration process. Finally, three relationships have been established. The relationships between LAI and NDVI as well as between LAI and K_cb were found both exponential, with associated errors of 30% and 15%, respectively. Because the NDVI saturates at high LAI values (>4), the use of remotely-sensed data results in poor accuracy of LAI estimates for well-developed canopies. However, this inaccuracy was not found critical for transpiration estimates since AET appears limited to ET₀ for well-developed canopies. As a consequence, the relationship between NDVI and K_cb was found linear and of good accuracy (15%).Based on these relationships, maps of LAI and transpiration requirements have been derived from two Landsat7-ETM+ images acquired at the beginning and the middle of the agricultural season. These maps show the space and time variability in crop development and water requirements over a 3 km × 3 km irrigated area that surrounds the fields of study. They may give an indication on how the water should be distributed over the area of interest in order to improve the efficiency of irrigation. The availability, in the near future, of Earth Observation Systems designed to provide both high spatial resolution (10 m) and frequent revisit (day) would make it feasible to set up such approaches for the operational monitoring of crop phenology and irrigation at a regional scale.     

Quantifying production potentials of winter wheat in the North China Plain

The North China Plain (NCP) is one of the major winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) producing areas in China. Current wheat yields in the NCP stabilize around 5 Mg ha⁻¹ while the demand for wheat in China is growing due to the increase in population and the change in diet. Since options for area expansion of winter wheat are limited, the production per unit of area need to be increased. The objective of this study is to quantify the production potential of winter wheat in the NCP taking into account the spatial and temporal variability caused by climate. We use a calibrated crop growth simulation model to quantify wheat yields for potential and water-limited production situations using 40 years of weather data from 32 meteorological stations in the NCP. Simulation results are linked to a Geographic Information System (GIS) facilitating their presentation and contributing to the identification of hotspots for interventions aimed at yield improvements. In the northern part of the NCP, average simulated potential yields of winter wheat go up to 9.7 Mg ha⁻¹, while average water-limited yields only reach 3 Mg ha⁻¹. In the southern part of the NCP, both average potential and water-limited yields are about 7.5 Mg ha⁻¹. Rainfall is the limiting factor to winter wheat yields in the northern part of the NCP, while in the southern part, the joint effect of low radiation and high temperature are major limiting factors. Temporal variation in potential yields throughout the NCP is low in contrast with the temporal variation in water-limited yields, which is especially great in the northern part. The study calls for the collection of location-specific and disaggregated irrigated and rainfed wheat yield statistics in the NCP facilitating the identification of hotspots for improvement of current wheat yields.     

县域土地利用变化的碳排放效应——以山西省洪洞县为例

[目的]为了分析土地利用变化对碳排放的影响,以洪洞县为例,研究分析县域尺度上土地利用变化的碳排放效应。[方法]选取2000,2010和2013年山西省洪洞县遥感影像,通过解译遥感影像,最终获得洪洞县的土地利用数据。采用碳排放估算模型,估算了洪洞县13a不同土地利用变化导致的碳排放效应。[结果]2000—2013年洪洞县的碳排放量呈现逐年增长的趋势,期间净碳排放放量共增加了6.12×105t。作为主要碳源汇——建设用地和林地,二者的面积不断增长,但建设用地带来的碳排放远超过林地所能吸收的量。洪洞县各个乡镇在这13a中的净碳排放空间差异变化明显。[结论]优化县域土地利用结构,能够有效地减轻碳排放问题。     

Short-term gully retreat rates over rolling hill areas in black soil of Northeast China

Soil loss has become one severe problem in black soil areas of Northeast China after several decades of cultivation. Gully erosion is one of its main components. In this study, short-term gully retreat was monitored from 5 active gullies selected in representative black soil area during April 2002 to June 2004, using differential global positioning system (GPS). With the support of geographic information system (GIS), multitemporal digital elevation models (DEM) were constructed from the data collected by GPS and then used for further analysis. This presents a new method to compute the retreat rate of gully heads and the rate of soil losses caused by gully erosion. The results indicate that the average volumetric retreat rate was 729.1 m³ year^− 1, corresponding with an average linear retreat rate of 6.2 m year^− 1 in gully head and planimetric changes of 323.6 m² year^− 1 during the two monitored years, but more erosion took place during the second and third monitored period compared to the first. The erosion by freeze thawing and snowmelt accounts for a large percent. And this will be emphasized when rainfall is added in spring. If only considering the third monitored period, the conservatively estimated retreat rate by freeze thawing and snowmelt (i.e. before rainy season) may even reach 8.6 m year^− 1 in gully head, with a volumetric rate of 120.9 m³ year^− 1 and planimetric changes of 173.6 m² year^− 1. These results reveal that gully erosion is a great threat in the study area and conservation measures are urgently needed. Based on the analysis of multi-temporal DEM, one conceptual model for gully developing in black soil of Northeast China is proposed, which is supported by the data.     

基于面向对象方法的IKONOS影像城市植被信息提取

根据城市植被在IKONOS影像上的光谱、纹理、几何和位置响应特征,采用面向对象的方法对城市植被进行分类.首先,利用NDVI和蓝波段光谱响应值的阈值将实验区分割为植被和非植被区,然后针对植被区利用区域增长算法进行二级分割,生成植被对象;根据植被在IKONOS上的响应特征,选择形状指数、亮度值、绿波段的最大差值、红波段的平均值、近红外波段的比率、近红外波段的方差和对象重心的位置,即横纵坐标以及Homogeneity指数等9个指标构建特征空间;在此基础上,利用最大似然法识别城市植被类型,并利用专家知识对分类结果进行再组合.研究表明,利用这种方法获得的城市植被信息总精度达到87.37%,Kappa系数达到0.8267.     

基于Kendall重现期的华南中小流域洪水峰量联合分布研究

[目的]对山区中小流域洪水峰量联合分布进行研究,以期为山区洪水防治提供理论参考。[方法]基于Archimedean Copula函数与Kendall测度分析3个山区中小流域的洪峰洪量联合分布的3种重现水平。由择优构建的Gumbel Copula及Kendall测度计算了洪水峰量联合分布的"或"、"且"和Kendall重现期及其设计洪水分位数。[结果]①洪峰和洪量之间具有高相关性,Kendall轶相关系数达0.76以上;②3个流域洪水峰量同频遭遇风险概率很大,均超过81%;③在工程经济安全两方面,对比设定的重现期显示,介于"或"重现期和"且"重现期之间的Kendall重现期更准确地反映洪水峰量联合分布的风险率;④按两变量"或"重现期洪水峰量和同频率推算的洪水设计值偏高。[结论]以Kendall重现期推算的洪水峰量设计值,可为山区中小流域防洪工程安全提供新的选择。     

农田休闲期垄作地形对近地表风场的影响

垄作是旱作农田常用的保护性耕作技术,而其防风抗蚀的机制尚需研究。通过野外试验,对垄脊高25cm,垄沟宽1.5m的垄作田上风向、垄间及下风向地带0～4m的风流场进行了同步观测,对不同观测位置的时均风速、空气动力学粗糙度、摩阻速度和风速脉动进行了对比分析。结果表明,土垄间和下风向近地表0～1m内时均风速比上风向平坦地表明显降低,其中高0.3m处降低幅度最大。水平方向上风速降低幅度、空气动力学粗糙度和摩阻速度均随观测点与垄作地表距离的增大而减小。受风速递增的影响,风速的绝对脉动强度随高度呈对数关系递增。风速的相对脉动强度在0～1m内随高度增大而降低,1m以上基本无变化。高0.05m处风速的相对脉动强度在水平方向上随与垄作田距离的减小而增大,其中垄间最大,时均风速相同时对地面剪切力最大。     

基于L-THIA模型的密云水库地区非点源污染空间分布特征

农业生产营养物质的输出是造成水环境污染的重要原因之一。该文以北京密云水库周边地区为研究区域，基于土地利用、土壤以及降水等下垫面信息，利用长期水文影响评价(The Long-Term Hydrologic Impact Assessment，L-THIA)模型，估算研究区内污染物的长期平均输出负荷，并分析其空间分布特征。研究结果表明：不同土地利用类型的污染物输出负荷是不同的，其中以农用地对研究区内非点源污染的影响最大。结果表明，在流域规划和管理中使用L-THIA模型分析农业非点源污染的空间分布是可行的。     

Characteristics and factors controlling the development of ephemeral gullies in cultivated catchments of black soil region, Northeast China

Ephemeral gully erosion is an important process in the black soil region, Northeast China and can be responsible for severe damage to agricultural lands. However, little research on gully formation in this area has been published. The study described in this paper attempted to quantify soil losses, the spatial distribution and morphology of the gullies, and the factors that control their development. Ephemeral gullies were measured in spring and summer of 2005 in two small catchments. The critical periods for ephemeral gully formation were late spring and summer in the study area. Mean soil losses due to ephemeral gully erosion were 0.40 and 0.43 kg m⁻² year⁻¹ for only croplands despite low slope gradients, and this loss is above the tolerable erosion rates of 0.20 kg m⁻² year⁻¹. The erosion rates were greater in spring because the topsoil thawed before deeper layers, reducing infiltration into the soil, and the bare vegetation cover provided no barriers to surface flow. In contrast, summer erosion occurred primarily in response to intense rain events. Development of the gullies was promoted by freeze-thaw cycles in spring and was affected by the type of agricultural operations and crops in summer. A linear regression model for the prediction of ephemeral gully length at the catchment level was established using field data, and although it did not successfully predict the length of individual gullies, it explained 55% of the variation in ephemeral gully length.