太阳能辅助闭式热源塔热泵系统冬季制热性能

热源塔热泵系统以空气为冷热源,在冬季制热时其性能会随环境温度的降低而降低。为此研发了可应用陕南地区农村建筑的太阳能辅助闭式热源塔热泵系统,试验研究了冬季工况下系统的制热性能,初步分析了太阳热能与空气热能的互补机理。研究结果表明:系统制热量范围为12.1～15.2 k W,热泵机组性能系数范围为2.3～3.5,系统能效比范围为1.5～2.4,供热温度高于41℃;冷却水温度对压缩机耗电量的影响程度大于防冻溶液温度,冷却水平均温度每升高1℃,压缩要耗电量增加98.1 W,而防冻溶液平均温度每升高1℃,压缩机耗电量减小9.5 W;太阳能辅助热源塔热泵制热模式下,热泵机组通过改变防冻溶液与空气和集热工质换热温差的方法来改变防冻溶液从空气和集热水箱中的吸热量,以实现空气热能与太阳热能的互补。建议在实际应用中应避免供热温度过高以减小压缩机耗电;在集热水箱温度较高时通过降低风机频率减小风机耗电以提高系统综合能效,但应避免风机低频率工作可能给机组安全运行带来的隐患。     

银杏中种皮提取物抗氧化活性的研究

分别采用卵黄脂蛋白多不饱和脂肪酸过氧化体系、超氧阴离子自由基体系、羟自由基体系、二苯代 苦味酰(DPPH)自由基体系以及总抗氧化能力等检测指标,对银杏中种皮采用不同提取方法(微波提取、超声提取、 乙醇和水浸提)获得的黄酮类物质的抗氧化能力进行了对比研究。结果表明,不同提取方法获得的提取液均具有较 强的抗氧化活性,而不同提取工艺可影响银杏中种皮提取液的抗氧化作用及其机理,其中乙醇浸提液对卵黄脂蛋 白过氧化体系的抑制率为50．69％,微波水提液对超氧阴离子和羟自由基的清除能力分别达213．96和411．26 U／L,乙醇超声提取液对DPPH 自由基的清除率及总抗氧化能力分别为89．8％和44．09 U／mL。     

The stable carbon isotope composition of soil organic carbon and pedogenic carbonates along a bioclimatic gradient in the Palouse region,Washington State,USA

Isotopic signatures of soil components are commonly used to infer past ecologic and climatic shifts in the soil record. The theory behind the fractionation of isotopes that occurs during ecosystem processes is well understood; however, few isotopic studies have explored ecosystem relationships in modern soils. We discuss relationships of stable carbon isotopic signatures in plant tissue, soil organic carbon (SOC), laboratory-respired CO₂, and modern carbonates at 10 sites (seven containing pedogenic carbonates) along a C₃-dominated climatic gradient (mean annual precipitation (MAP) ranging from 200 to 1000 mm) in the Palouse region of eastern Washington state.A horizon soil organic carbon (SOC) δ¹³C values varied from −24.3‰ to −25.9‰ PDB. Values in the arid portion of the gradient (200 to approximately 500 mm MAP) generally decreased and linear regression of SOM ¹³C vs. MAP was significant (r²=0.71, p=0.02). Trends in plant-¹³C of two grass species (Agropyron spicatum and Festuca idahoensis) found throughout this portion of the gradient were similar to that of SOC. Mean pedogenic carbonate δ¹³C values varied from −4.1‰ to −10.8‰ PDB. Linear regression was significant for carbonate ¹³C vs. MAP (r²=0.79, p=0.007), estimated above-ground productivity (r²=0.88, p=0.002) and soil carbon content (r²=0.83, p=0.004). Carbonate δ¹³C values at the most arid site exhibited higher variability than other sites (presumably due to greater spatial variation in plant respiration vs. atmospheric diffusion). Our data suggest that carbon isotopic relationships among ecosystem components may prove useful in determining ecosystem level properties in modern systems, and potentially in ancient systems as well.     

苹果中拟除虫菊酯农药残留降解规律的研究

用气相色谱法研究了苹果生长过程中拟除虫菊酯类农药的残留污染及其在苹果中的降解规律,结果表明,苹果中3种拟除虫菊酯农药随时间的推移呈下降趋势,残留量呈现甲氰菊酯>氯氰菊酯>溴氰菊酯,降解顺序速率为氯氰菊酯>溴氰菊酯>甲氰菊酯,在苹果采收前有适当的休药期可以满足安全方面的要求。     

黄土高原水保措施减水减沙效益评价系统

在对黄土高原不同区域性主要水文站40多年观测资料基础上,结合黄土高原多沙区不同水文年型与不同水保措施治理下水土流失的观测结果,建立了不同降雨条件下单项水土保持措施的减水减沙效益指标预测模型以及不同治理措施配置下减沙效益预测模型.并运用现代信息技术,构建了黄土高原水土保持措施减水减沙效益评价系统.该评价系统可实现对不同水文年型条件下主要水保措施的减水减沙效益进行定量评价,为黄土高原的水土保持和生态环境建设提供科学依据和决策支持.     

余热利用换热器硫酸和水蒸气耦合凝结数值模拟

为准确预测烟气换热器表面酸凝结,了解其表面低温腐蚀特性,采用一种预测换热器表面酸蒸气凝结和水蒸气凝结耦合计算方法,通过结合H₂SO₄-H₂O溶液的气液平衡数据和多元组分传输理论,建立了酸蒸气和水蒸气凝结的数值模型,并采用CFD软件对方形翅片管换热器的低温腐蚀特性进行数值分析,重点研究酸蒸气含量和水蒸气含量对酸沉积和腐蚀特性的影响.结果表明:换热器翅片表面酸液质量分数的分布和翅片表面温度的分布趋势一致,酸沉积主要发生在翅片前缘及换热管前方靠近管壁的翅片表面;水蒸气含量升高会导致翅片表面酸液质量分数下降和酸沉积率上升,增加换热器低温腐蚀的风险,结果可为换热器安全运行提供参考.     

Role of CH4 oxidation,production and transport in forest soil CH4 flux

Forest soils are an important sink for atmospheric CH₄ but the contribution of CH₄ oxidation, production and transport to the overall CH₄ flux is difficult to quantify. It is important to understand the role these processes play in CH₄ dynamics of forest soils, to enable prediction of how the size of this sink will respond to future environmental change. Methane oxidation, production and transport were investigated for a temperate forest soil, previously shown to be a net CH₄ consumer, to determine the extent to which physical and biological processes contributed to the net flux. The sum of oxidation rates for soil layers were significantly greater (P<0.05) than for the intact soil cores from which the layers were taken. Combined with the immediate inhibition of CH₄ uptake on waterlogging soils, the findings suggested that soil CH₄ diffusion was an important regulator of CH₄ uptake. In support of this, a subsurface maximum for CH₄ oxidation was observed, but the exact depth of the maximum differed when rates were calculated on a mass or on an areal basis. Markedly varying potential CH₄ uptake activities between soil cores were masked in intact core rates. Potential CH₄ oxidation conformed well to Michaelis–Menten kinetics but V_max, K_t and a_A^○ values varied with depth, suggesting different functional methanotrophic communities were active in the profile. The presence of monophasic kinetics in fresh soil could not be used to infer that the soil was exposed only to CH₄ mixing ratios ≤ atmospheric, as challenging soils with 20% CH₄ in air did not induce low-affinity oxidation kinetics. Atmospheric CH₄ oxidation potentials exceeded production potentials by 10–220 times. The results show that the forest soil CH₄ flux was dominated by CH₄ oxidation and transport, methanogenesis played only a minor role.     

多孔介质壁面条件下微尺度流动的数值模拟

利用多孔介质模拟微通道壁面粗糙元,建立了一种新的微尺度化流场的数值模拟方法.多孔介质模型厚度由微通道壁面相对粗糙度折算,多孔介质的阻力系数由该区域内的流态及阻力计算;配合采用k-ε和k-ω多种形式的湍流模型,对边长为600μm的方形断面微通道流场在雷诺数分别为100和300的情况下进行了数值模拟计算.通过模拟结果与Micro-PIV测量数据的对比分析发现,采用realizablek-ε湍流模型,搭配多孔介质微尺度化模型进行数值计算,能够有效地模拟微尺度流场的流动状况,而标准k-ε湍流模型和RNGk-ε湍流模型的微尺度模拟计算结果虽接近试验测量值,但仍有偏差;标准k-ω湍流模型和SSTk-ω湍流模型的微尺度模拟效果较差.