Density responses and spatial distribution of cotton yield and yield components in jujube (Zizyphus jujube)/cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) agroforestry

Trees are the dominant species in agroforestry systems, profoundly affecting the performance of understory crops. Proximity to trees is a key factor in crop performance, but rather little information is available on the spatial distribution of yield and yield components of crop species under the influence of trees in agroforestry systems. Also, little information is available on how crop density may be exploited to optimize the yield in such systems. Here we studied the performance of cotton in jujube/cotton agroforestry. Field experiments were conducted in 2012 and 2013 in Hetian, Xinjiang, China. Cotton was grown at a row distance of 60 cm in three densities, 13.5, 18.0 and 22.5 plants m⁻² in six m wide paths between tree lines in a jujube plantation. Plant density affected both cotton aboveground dry matter and yield significantly. The highest yield was attained at the intermediate density of 18.0 plants m⁻² (20.0 plants m⁻² corresponding in sole cotton), lower than the optimal density in sole cotton (25.0 plants m⁻²). Yield at the lower density was constrained by the low number of bolls per m² as a direct consequence of the low density, whereas at the high plant density yield was constrained by a lower allocation of assimilates to cotton seed and lint, as a consequence of intraspecific and interspecific competitions. There were strong gradients in yield and yield components in relation to the distance from the tree rows. Leaf area and total dry matter of cotton in rows close to the tree lines were reduced, especially in the rows next to the trees. Moreover, biomass allocation to cotton fruits was reduced in these rows. Competitive influences from the trees on cotton performance extended two rows deep in a six-year old jujube stand, and even three rows deep in a seven-year old stand. Shading effects on cotton yield were compensated by increasing plant density as a result of greater boll numbers per unit ground area. Data from this study help guide the design of optimal plant density of cotton in jujube plantations and give insight in the spatial distribution and dynamics of competitive effects in agroforestry systems in general.     

气候变暖背景下河南省夏玉米花期高温灾害风险预估

为预估未来气候变暖背景下夏玉米花期高温灾害风险,根据河南省19个农业气象观测站夏玉米抽雄期常年观测资料和未来RCPs(representativeconcentrationpathways)气候变化情景数据,构建夏玉米花期高温风险评价指标,开展河南省夏玉米花期高温灾害时空特征及风险演变分析。其中RCPs气候情景数据包括基准气候条件(1951—2005年, RCP-rf)和未来(2006—2050年)RCP 4.5(中)、RCP 8.5(高)两种浓度路径数据。以抽雄普遍期及之后7d确定为夏玉米花期,并内插匹配气候情景格点数据。以花期最高气温≥32℃和≥35℃作为轻度和重度高温灾害发生阈值,根据轻、重度夏玉米花期高温发生频率和高温积害,建立风险评价指标并分级。结果表明, RCP-rf情景下全省夏玉米花期高温发生频率在20.5%～81.0%(≥32℃)和3.9%～51.9%(≥35℃)。与基准条件相比,≥32℃高温发生频率增加9.1%(RCP4.5)和11.0%(RCP8.5),≥35℃高温发生频率增加8.7%(RCP4.5)和8.3%(RCP8.5)。RCP-rf情景下全省夏玉米花期高温积害在48.5～200.9℃·d(≥32℃)和9.8～138.5℃·d(≥35℃)。与基准条件相比,≥32℃高温积害增加25.4℃·d (RCP 4.5)和25.6℃·d (RCP 8.5),≥35℃高温积害增加25.8℃·d (RCP 4.5)和31.4℃·d (RCP 8.5)。由综合风险分析可知, RCP-rf情景下夏玉米花期高温灾害高值风险区主要分布在新乡、郑州、许昌、漯河、周口及其以东以北的地区(商丘除外),约占夏玉米主栽区面积的30.1%;RCP4.5情景下高值风险区扩大至洛阳和南阳以东的大部分地区,约占夏玉米主栽区面积的63.4%; RCP 8.5情景下高值风险区面积进一步向西扩大,约占夏玉米主栽区面积的占76.3%。     

气候变化对河南省主要农作物生育期的影响

利用河南省7个农业气象观测站1981-2004年冬小麦、夏玉米的生育期观测资料和同期的气象资料,分析了这两种作物主要生育期的变化趋势及对气候变化的响应。结果表明:河南省冬小麦自返青到成熟的各生育期均表现出提前的趋势,其中以拔节期提前最明显;冬小麦全生育期缩短,存在1.3d/10a的总减少趋势;相关分析显示导致冬小麦生育期提前的主要原因是2-5月平均气温的上升和3月日照时数的增加。夏玉米所有生育期都表现出延迟的趋势,以成熟期延迟程度最大;夏玉米全生育期天数呈现出显著增加的趋势,增加速率为2.1d/10a;6-9月总降水量减少是造成夏玉米生育期延迟的主要原因。     

1971─2012年长江中下游地区水稻洪涝时空分布特征

【目的】为长江中下游地区地区性防涝排涝部署提供依据。【方法】基于1971─2012年长江中下游地区426个气象站点逐日降水资料,通过分析洪涝发生频率、洪涝强度和洪涝发生站次比,研究了长江中下游地区年度洪涝灾害时空分布特征和覆盖水稻关键生育期洪涝灾害时空演变特征。【结果】研究区中度、重度洪涝发生频率所占比最大,中度洪涝发生频率主要集中在湖北、湖南、江西、浙江;重度洪涝发生频率集中在湖南、江西、浙江;特涝发生频率集中在安徽北部与江苏。同时,1971─2012年间研究区域洪涝发生影响范围总体年际尺度变化不明显,洪涝强度20世纪90年代最强,但整体有降低趋势。从研究区水稻物候期来看,影响范围最广强度最大集中发生在7─8月,早稻与一季稻分别处于灌浆成熟期与拔节孕穗期。【结论】在研究区域加强农业气象监测密度,重点可在研究区内(安徽北部、江苏、湖南、江西、浙江)早稻进入灌浆期与一季稻拔节孕穗期前期进行水利设施建设,依靠研究区地势特点与农田生态自身环境稳定性,预防和排除水稻洪涝灾害。     

Rate of leaf production in response to soil water deficits in field pea

Plant leaf area is critical for predicting the amount of radiation intercepted by a crop, and thereby, for estimating dry matter production. Under soil water deficit conditions, plant leaf expansion is reduced as a result of both a reduction in the rate of leaf production (RLP) and in the rate of individual leaf expansion. Quantifying the effect of soil water deficits on plant leaf expansion depends in part on predicting its effects on the timing of leaf production. The effect of soil water deficits on RLP was examined for three pea cultivars in greenhouse and field experiments. The level of soil water deficit was characterized as the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW). A quantitative function between RLP and FTSW was established in greenhouse experiments and was tested in independent pot and field experiments. A good consistency in this relationship across a diversity of experimental conditions and cultivars was shown. The logistic function obtained represents an effective way to simulate the effects of soil water deficits on RLP, especially as FTSW could be estimated from a soil water balance. RLP was reduced only for FTSW<0.2, and consequently, RLP was less sensitive to soil water deficits than transpiration and leaf expansion. Soil water deficit induced a slight rise in canopy temperature due to stomatal closure. However, this rise in temperature for FTSW<0.4 cannot account for maintaining RLP compared to the drop of transpiration and of leaf expansion rates observed for FTSW between 0.4 and 0.2. RLP can be considered independent of soil water content if FTSW>0.2. In the field, such level of soil water deficit inducing a decrease of RLP occurs generally only after the end of leaf production during the last reproductive stages of pea crop. Thus, except in situations of extreme soil water deficit and on shallow soils, leaf production depends solely on air temperature.     

花生施用多效唑的效果研究

在花生的初花期和盛花期喷施不同浓度的多效唑溶液进行研究,结果表明:在盛花期喷施浓度为150mg/L的多效唑可明显抑制主茎和侧枝的生长,提高单株荚果数、饱果率,从而使花生产量提高,为多效唑施用的适宜时期和浓度。     

气候变化对河南省夏玉米主栽品种发育期的影响模拟

为模拟气候变化对夏玉米发育期影响,本文将河南省划分为4个夏玉米主栽区,分区进行主栽品种遗传参数调试验证,确定各区域品种平均遗传参数。将未来气候变化情景(A2和B2)下,2020s、2050s和2080s各时段的温度和降水增量加上基准值,模拟未来气候变化对河南省夏玉米发育期的影响。模型调参验证结果表明：各区域品种遗传参数存在一定差异,豫西地区当前种植品种播种-开花所需积温高于其它地区,而豫北和豫东当前种植品种开花-成熟所需积温高于其它地区;各区开花期调参和验证误差RMSE为2～4d,相对误差NRMSE均小于10%;各区域成熟期调参误差RMSE均小于4d,验证误差RMSE为3～7d,除豫西区外,各区域调参及验证期间的成熟期相对误差NRMSE均小于10%。表明CERES-Maize模型对河南省各区域夏玉米发育期模拟精度均较高。未来气候变化影响模拟结果表明：A2和B2情景下,夏玉米营养生长期平均缩短4.7d和3.1d,全生育期平均缩短12.9d和8.6d。夏玉米生育期缩短日数与各时段增温幅度趋势一致,全省4个区域中豫西区生育期日数缩短最多。     

GIS技术在中国农业气候区划中的应用进展

地理信息系统（GIS）的空间分析功能与传统区划方法的结合,可以得到更加精细的农业气候区划结果,其作为一种技术手段已经广泛应用于农业气候区划,为当地农业生产决策提供可靠的依据。笔者着重从气候要素细网格化、区划成果数字化、信息服务、“3S”技术相结合等四个方面,总结GIS技术在中国农业气候区划中的应用进展,对应用中所存在的问题进行分析讨论,提出将来可能的研究方向,以期对该领域的研究提供参考。几点建议如下：（1）进行农业气候区划时应综合考虑多种自然环境因素和社会因子;（2）运用GIS技术进行“自下而上”的区域合并过程中,需要更好地结合自动合并与人工合并;（3）区划指标应考虑运用逻辑交集运算;（4）建立基于Web技术的开放式共享GIS农业气候区划平台;（5）GIS结合GPS、卫星遥感数据可以从宏观的角度全面监测农作物的整个生长发育过程,对指导农业生产具有重要的应用价值。     

Density and relative frequency effects on competitive interactions and resource use in pea–barley intercrops

Intercropping advantages may be influenced by both plant density and relative frequency of the intercrop components. In a field study barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) were sole cropped and intercropped at three densities and with two relative frequencies when intercropped.Earlier seedling emergence gave barley an initial growth advantage, assessed using the relative efficiency index (REIc), whereas pea was in general more growth efficient once the initial growth phase had been passed. This reversal in relative growth efficiency along with the observation that early barley dominance did not appear to suppress pea growth indicates that differences in phenology played a role in shaping the prevailing dynamics. Whereas increases in plant density had a positive effect on the growth of pea, the growth of intercropped barley was severely limited by increases in density at the end of the growing period and more so in the pea dominated intercrop. At the final harvest land equivalent ratios (LER) of 0.9–1.2 express resource complementarity in almost all studied intercrops, complementarity that was not directly affected by changes in plant density or relative frequency.Intercropped pea did not increase its reliance on atmospheric nitrogen fixation compared to the pea sole crop. With respect to soil nitrogen uptake there were no effect of plant density but a strong effect of the relative frequency of pea in the intercrop, the greater the proportion the lower the uptake.Changes in the competitive strength of the pea and barley crop over the growing season had a marked effect on the proportion of pea in the final grain yields of the intercrops. At low and recommended density the proportions of pea and barley in the final grain yield was not markedly different from the expected proportions sown; however, at high density the suppression of barley strongly increased the proportion of pea in the final grain yield.Weed infestation levels decreased as density was raised and the suppressing effect of density was clearly stronger the greater the frequency of pea in the crop. Earlier germination and tillering ability of barley are seen as likely explanations of lower weed load in the barley dominated crop treatments.This study points at the potential of employing density and relative crop frequency as “regulators” when specific intercrop objectives such as increased competitiveness towards weeds or specific grain yield composition are wanted.     

河南省陆地植被净第一性生产力估算及其时空分布

基于地理信息系统和卫星遥感技术,利用地面气象数据和MODIS数据,同时考虑河南省自身实际地理和植被覆盖情况,在对最大光利用率和水分胁迫系数的获取进行改进的基础上,利用CASA模型对河南省植被净第一性生产力（NPP）进行了估算,并分析了其时空分布。结果表明,2008年河南省NPP生产量为34.87 Mt C,NPP空间分布和植被类型有密切关系,森林植被最大,然后依次是灌丛、草地、农田等。12、1和2月NPP最小,植物基本停止生长,植被的NPP只占全年的1.38％;5、7和8月的NPP最大,占全年总量的56.84％。与Miami、Montreal、Chinkugo模型相比,本研究结果和Miami模型结果最为接近,植被类型NPP均值排序和Chinkugo模型相似;与实测数据对比结果显示,模拟值接近于实测值,说明模型适用于河南省NPP的模拟。