Biocontrol of rice blast by the phenaminomethylacetic acid producer of Bacillus methylotrophicus strain BC79

Strain BC79, isolated from primeval forest soil in Qinling, Mountains, China, was identified as Bacillus methylotrophicus based on morphological, biochemical, physiological and chemotaxonomic analyses as well as phylogenetic 16S rDNA sequencing data. This strain was able to suppress mycelial growth and conidial germination of numerous plant pathogenic fungi in dual cultures on solid media. For exploring potential biocontrol activity, we assessed fermentation conditions for studying B. meth1ylotrophicus BC79. The active substance of BC79, phenaminomethylacetic acid, was extracted by TLC and HPLC, and identified as the strongest inhibitory substance described in B. methylotrophicus. Experiments in a greenhouse showed that application of BC79 culture filtrates 24 h before inoculation of Magnaporthe oryzae, the causal agent of rice blast, had 89.87% biocontrol efficiency. B. methylotrophicus BC79 colonized rice plant tissues and at 10 days after filtrate application, its population in leaves (1.65 × 10⁸ CFU/g) was much larger than in stems (6.78 × 10⁷ CFU/g) or roots (3.56 × 10⁷ CFU/g). Field trials indicated that BC79 culture filtrate (4000 g/667 m²) showed the highest efficiency for M. oryzae, with 84.8% biocontrol effect, followed by of 15% phenaminomethylacetic acid extract (75.5%) and 20% tricyclazole (76.1%). Seedling and post-transplant stages were the best periods to apply BC79 for control of rice blast. The B. methylotrophicus BC79 strain hence has enormous potential as an agricultural agent for biocontrol of rice blast.     

Ethylene production by gynoecium and receptacle is associated with sepal abscission in cut Delphinium flowers

Delphinium flowers are sensitive to ethylene, and exposure to ethylene is known to accelerate sepal abscission. The relationship of ethylene to sepal abscission in cut Delphinium flowers was investigated. The gynoecium and receptacle each contributed to climacteric-like increases in ethylene production whereas the sepals, petals and stamens did not. 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) concentration, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase activities in the gynoecium and receptacle increased in the senescing flowers. Wounding of the gynoecium or receptacle accelerated abscission of sepals, which was accompanied by a marked increase in ethylene production. Accelerated sepal abscission was counteracted by treatment with silver thiosulphate complex (STS), an inhibitor of ethylene action. The results of this study show that ethylene produced by the gynoecium and receptacle is closely associated with sepal abscission in cut Delphinium flowers.     

Use of Chaetomium globosum for biocontrol of potato late blight disease

The efficacy of Chaetomium globosum as a biocontrol agent against the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans was evaluated in potato plants. Among eight Chaetomium isolates evaluated C. globosum isolate Cg-6 showed greater inhibition to mycelial growth of P. infestans in vitro. TLC studies showed that isolate Cg-6 produced an antibiotic called ‘Chaetomin’. Isolate Cg-6 showed greater exo- and endo-glucanase enzyme activity when compared to other isolates. PCR amplification of the ITS region and sequencing of the PCR product confirmed that isolate Cg-6 belongs to the C. globosum group. C. globosum Cg-6 was formulated as a liquid and applied as a tuber, soil and foliar treatment either individually or in combination against Phytophthora infection in potato plants. Among different treatments, combined application of C. globosum as a tuber treatment @ 1 ml/kg of tubers, as a soil application @ 1 ml/kg of Farm Yard Manure (FYM) and foliar spray @ 0.7% resulted in significantly less late blight infection (72%) compared to untreated control (100%) under field conditions. The application of C. globosum resulted in greater tuber yield by reducing late blight infection in two field trials when compared to untreated controls. The study clearly demonstrated the potential use of C. globosum as a biocontrol agent in the management of late blight disease in potato plants.     

基于ITS2序列的12种苔藓植物亲缘关系分析

以尖叶薄鳞苔为外类群,利用ClustalX 2.0和MEGA 4.1软件对12种苔藓植物的ITS2序列进行比对和分析,构建分子系统树.结果表明,12种苔藓植物的ITS2序列长度在432-493bp之间,排序后总长度为540 bp,其中变异位点305个,信息位点200个.12种苔藓植物的遗传距离在0.016～0.472之间,平均遗传距离为0.309.利用MP法建立的系统树显示,12种苔藓植物分为3组,其中7个丛藓科物种聚为一组,3个青藓科物种聚为一组,2种灰藓科植物聚为一组,序列分析结果与形态学分类结果一致,表明ITS2可用于苔藓植物的亲缘关系分析.     

基于突变级数模型乡镇土地利用总体规划方案决策——以梨林镇为例

乡镇土地利用总体规划作为最基础、最具体的规划,如何科学、有效地协调各方利益优选规划方案已成为乡镇土地利用规划编制与实施的重要课题。以济源市梨林镇为例,从经济、社会和环境等方面构建乡镇土地利用总体规划方案决策评价指标体系,采用突变级数模型对梨林镇土地利用总体规划供选方案进行评价决策。研究表明:基于突变级数模型的评价方法实现定性分析与定量分析的有机结合,反映供选方案之间的细微差别,从而减少主观性又不失科学性,对规划方案的优劣做出正确、有效的评价,并且有效保证多指标的信息量在评价过程中不被丢失,是一种有效的乡镇土地利用总体规划方案决策评价方法。     

典型石油城市土地利用变化及其生态环境效应——以大庆市为例

以石油开采导致短时间土地利用变化剧烈的典型区域大庆市为研究对象,应用GIS/RS技术分析大庆市土地利用变化特征,并采用修正的相对生态价值分析其土地利用变化的生态环境效应。结果表明:1987-2005年大庆市未利用地、建设用地、耕地和林地呈增加趋势,草地和水域呈减少态势,同时土地利用类型转变频繁,转移量占主导的是草地退化为未利用地;土地利用组合类型数从1987年的2增加到2005年的4,土地利用类型由农业主导转为以工业为主导;研究期内大庆市生态环境质量指数总体呈下降态势;1987-2005年研究区土地利用类型转变同时存在生态环境改善和恶化两种趋势,并且改善程度小于恶化程度,导致其生态环境质量总体上呈下降态势。     

基于改进方向纹理谱特征的图像检索

在定义图像局部邻域纹理方向特性的基础上,提出了一种新的方向纹理谱描述符。该描述符针对局部邻域内中心像素与其相对的邻域像素,既充分考虑了它们间的灰度变化关系,又考虑了它们间灰度差异的变化关系,从而更有效地描述了局部纹理特征。为证明新描述符的分辨能力,采用4种不同图像库进行图像检索对比实验,结果表明,本文的新纹理谱描述符取得了最好的检索效果。     

基于Landsat8和Sentinel-1A数据的焦作广利灌区夏玉米土壤墒情监测方法研究

土壤水分是影响农业生产活动的重要因素,在旱情监测、农作物估产等方面有重要意义。研究采用水云模型来消除研究区域植被对后向散射的影响。建立植被含水量和归一化水指数的关系提取模型中所需的植被含水量参数。利用AIEM模型结合粗糙度参数Zs建立研究区土壤墒情反演模型,将模型应用于河南省焦作广利灌区,反演结果和实测值相关性达0.7。将水云模型与AIEM模型联合反演土壤墒情,取得了较为满意的结果,该方法具有较高的适用性。     

黄淮平原节水高效灌溉技术综合评价分析

以黄淮平原种植区为研究对象,综合种植区的自然地理、生态环境和农业发展状况等因素,借助层次分析和模糊数学方法,建立了黄淮平原灌水技术选择模型。利用单因素、多因素法提出了节水灌溉技术选择的方法,优选出最适宜灌溉技术。在喷灌、滴灌、微喷灌、低压管灌和畦灌5种方案中,运用所建立模型选择最优的灌水技术,综合因子大小为微喷灌>喷灌>低压管灌>滴灌>畦灌。黄淮平原种植区适宜灌溉技术为微喷带灌溉技术。