浅析河北省太行山区生态经济沟的可持续发展

河北省太行山区生态经济沟经过20多年的发展已取得了一定的成绩,在促进农业经济发展方面发挥了重要作用.面对新的形势,如何推进生态经济沟健康持续发展是一个重要课题.文章以河北省太行山区生态经济沟发展的现状为切入点,以生态经济相互协调为前提,以山区环境和资源、人口为依据,提出了建设农村高效农业,促进农村支柱产业发展等一系列建...     

基于智能体和元胞自动机的鱼道内鱼类行为模拟

为建立基于智能体和元胞自动机(Agent-CA)的鱼道内鱼类行为模型,该研究以计算流体力学软件得到的水流流场数据为基础,根据过鱼试验研究认识到的鱼上溯行为特征和规律,定义了不同场景下鱼的避开障碍、寻找主流、逆流向前、逆流后退、冲刺、随机6种行为和行为规则,将鱼道划分成多个二维元胞空间,将元胞空间中元胞状态为"鱼"的网格看作是一个智能体(Agent)。在3种体型的竖缝式鱼道中应用该模型对草鱼幼鱼的上溯行为进行模拟,并将模拟结果与实际过鱼轨迹进行对比。结果表明:该研究构建的模型能够较好地描述实际过鱼的主要上溯轨迹,针对3种体型竖缝式鱼道的模拟特征轨迹范围相对误差分别为23.5%、7.7%和2.3%。本研究提出的基于智能体和元胞自动机的鱼道内鱼类行为模型具有较好的适用性,可为鱼类行为模拟研究提供重要基础数据。     

Breeding against mycorrhizal symbiosis: Modern cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) varieties perform more poorly than older varieties except at very high phosphorus supply levels

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is an important fiber cash crop, but its root traits related to phosphorus (P) acquisition, including mycorrhizal root traits, are poorly understood.  Eight cotton varieties bred in northwestern China that were released between 1950 and 2013 were grown in pots with or without one arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) species (Funneliformis mosseae) at three P supply levels (0, 50 and 300 mg P as KH₂PO₄ kg^–1).  Eleven root traits were measured and calculated after 7 wk of growth.  The more recent accessions had smaller root diameters, acquired less P and produced less biomass, indicating an (inadvertent) varietal selection for thinner roots that provided less cortical space for AMF, which then increased the need for a high P fertilizer level.  At the two lower P levels, the mycorrhizal plants acquired more P and produced more biomass than non-mycorrhizal plants (3.2 vs. 0.9 mg P per plant; 1.8 vs. 0.9 g biomass per plant at P₀; 14.5 vs. 1.7 mg P per plant; and 4.7 vs. 1.6 g biomass per plant at P₅₀).  At the highest P level, the mycorrhizal plants acquired more P than non-mycorrhizal plants (18.8 vs. 13.4 mg per P plant), but there was no difference in biomass (6.2 vs. 6.3 g per plant).  At the intermediate P level, root diameter was significantly positively correlated with shoot biomass, P concentration and the P content of mycorrhizal plants.  The results of our study support the importance of the outsourcing model of P acquisition in the root economics space framework.  Inadvertent varietal selection in the last decades, resulting in thinner roots and a lower benefit from AMF, has led to a lower productivity of cotton varieties at moderate P supply (i.e., when mycorrhizal, the average biomass of older varieties 5.0 g per plant vs. biomass of newer varieties 4.4 g per plant), indicating the need to rethink cotton breeding efforts in order to achieve high yields without very high P input.  One feasible way to solve the problem of inadvertent varietal selection for cotton is to be aware of the trade-offs between the root do-it-yourself strategy and the outsourcing towards AMF strategy, and to consider both morphological and mycorrhizal root traits when breeding cotton varieties.     

不同土地利用方式下片麻岩坡面养分流失规律的研究

通过室内模拟人工降雨试验,研究不同土地利用方式片麻岩坡面水土流失和养分流失特征。结果表明:谷子地、草地坡面产沙量产流量远小于裸地产沙产流量;不同土地利用方式片麻岩坡面产流产沙变化过程不同,草地、谷子地达到稳定产流的时间滞后于裸地。3种土地利用方式坡面养分流失随时间的变化过程基本相同,降雨起始各种养分浓度较高,随着时间的持续,养分流失浓度趋于稳定。不同土地利用方式下片麻岩坡面养分流失量表现为钾流失总量 > 氮流失总量 > 磷流失总量,养分流失总量与产沙产流之间有着极显著的正相关性,裸地养分流失量最大,其次是谷子地,草地的养分流失量最小,但是径流中硝态氮含量和泥沙总磷量谷子地流失量最大,裸地次之,草地最小。3种土地利用方式片麻岩坡面磷钾流失主要是泥沙态养分,氮素流失主要以溶解态氮为主或者二者共同作用。     

日粮添加大蒜素对生长獭兔生产性能的影响

选择40～45日龄的生长獭兔80只,随机分成4组,每组20只。每100kg饲粮中分别添加大蒜素0.01%,0.02%,0.03%,以零添加作为对照。结果表明:添加0.02%大蒜素组平均日增重(23.89g)较对照组(20.72g)高,差异显著(P<0.05),另外试验两组也高于对照组,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。0.02%添加组饲料利用率最佳,料肉比比对照组提高3.68%(P<0.05)。添加大蒜素组的腹泻率(7.32%,1.42%,4.02%)明显低于对照组(10.23%),而添加0.02%大蒜素组效果最好。试验表明,在生长獭兔日粮中添加大蒜素,对于促进生长、降低饲料消耗和降低腹泻率有较好效果。添加大蒜素对生长獭兔消化率均有上升趋势,粗脂肪、粗灰分各组间差异不显著(P>0.05),而粗蛋白以0.02%添加组与对照组、0.01%添加组比较差异显著(P<0.05),无氮浸出物0.02%添加组的消化率与其他添加组及对照组的差异极显著(P<0.01);粗纤维消化率0.02%添加组与对照及0.01%添加组相比差异极显著(P<0.01)。     

河北省太行山区生态、经济协调发展对策研究

河北省太行山区具有独特的区位特点,其发展受到生态、经济的双重制约。自然灾害、经济结构不合理、生态环境建设问题严重、缺乏科学发展规划等问题已成为制约生态、经济协调发展的主要障碍。文章提出通过提高劳动者科技文化素质、依靠现代科技力量、调整山区产业结构、密切与外界联系、选择适宜的山区开发组织形式、制定特殊经济政策等措施,促进生态、经济的协调发展。     

Effect of Humulus scandens for Traditional Fiber Sources on Digestion, Diarrhea, and Performance of Growing Rabbits

This work was to determine which concentration of a mixture of fresh Humulus scandens （HS） and fresh alfalfa could be included in diets for rabbits. The fresh forage of three experimental diets is composed of 100% alfalfa, 50% alfalfa ＋ 50% HS, 100% HS, respectively. 30 rabbits [（1.42 ± 0.056） kg] were used to determine nutrient digestibility. A feeding trial was carried out using 90 weaning rabbits [35 d of age; （512±6.5） g]. Increasing content of HS in the diet did not affect digestibility of DM （dry matter）, CF （crude fiber）, CP （crude protein）, GE （gross energy）, and EE （ether extract）. But diarrhea decreased markedly （P〈0.01） compared with the diets that had no HS. ADF1 （average daily feed intake） increased by 4.3% （P 〈 0.05） and 3.6% （P 〈 0.05） when rabbits fed the diet with 100% HS of fresh forage compared with the diets containing 0 and 50% HS, respectively. Feed efficiency improved significantly （P 〈 0.05） by 2.07 and 5.30% when rabbits fed 0 and 50% HS of fresh forage, respectively, compared with 100% HS. There was no effect on ADG （average daily weight gain）. In conclusion, the mixture （50：50） of HS and alfalfa constitutes an alternative source of fiber for fattening rabbits and prevents diarrhea effectively.     

冀西北间山盆地区景观动态变化研究

冀西北间山盆地区位于北京市的上风地带，是京西北重要的生态屏障，其景观变化直接影响到北京市的环境质量。基于1987年和2000年两期Landsat TM影像，采用遥感和地理信息系统相结合的技术方法，结合景观分析软件Fragstats3.3，对冀西北间山盆地区13年来景观变化进行了动态研究。结果发现：（1）研究区林地、草地等生态用地数量减少，其他用地不同程度的增加。景观主导类型以耕地、林地、草地为主，景观结构基本没有变化。（2）景观变化主要集中于耕地、林地、草地之间的相互转化，在空间上主要分布于山地丘陵与盆地、河川的交接地带。（3）人类的非理性行为大于理性行为，生态系统结构和功能处于“局部改善、整体恶化”状态。（4）景观异质性和名样性上升。稳定性加强，人类活动对研究区景观在化的干扰程度也在加剧。     

桉树抗青枯病的鉴定技术

采用菌液浸泡法、顶尖接种法对不同的桉树无性系盆栽苗和生根组培苗进行抗青枯病性能测定,并结合林间调查筛选桉树抗青枯病树种和无性系,并从根系分泌物和组织研磨液的角度研究其对桉树青枯病菌生长的抑制作用,探索不同抗性桉树无性系抗病性强弱与其根系分泌物和组织研磨液之间的关系。结果表明:供试的18个桉树无性系中,bd1、bd2、赤桉和南宁巨尾桉为抗病无性系;U6、南宁尾叶桉、雷9、钦32-29为中抗无性系;DH32-27、钦9、南宁广9、钦8、邓恩桉、钦32-22、雷2、巨桉、尾叶桉和钦广9为感病无性系。不同抗性桉树无性系根系分泌物和组织研磨液对青枯菌没有直接拮抗作用,但随着接种时间的延长,青枯病菌在抗病性强的无性系的根系分泌物及组织液中的增殖显著低于感病无性系,验证通过茎段浸泡接种筛选出的桉树无性系的准确性,同时表明根系分泌物和组织研磨液可以反映桉树不同无性系的抗病性强弱。     

片麻岩新成土中氮素淋溶迁移的模拟研究

采用室内土柱模拟的方法,研究片麻岩新成土中不同肥料、不同施氮量对氮素垂直运移的影响。结果表明,随着施氮量增加,硝态氮和铵态氮淋溶浓度增大,氮素淋失量增多。中等施氮量下施用有机无机混合肥可以减少氮素淋失。尿素、有机无机混合肥、氮磷复合肥中硝态氮淋失总量比值为671∶583∶629。尿素硝态氮淋失率平均为29.0%,氮磷复合肥硝态氮淋失率平均为27.8%,有机无机混合肥硝态氮淋失率平均为23.7%。随着土层深度的增加,60cm处和90cm处硝态氮淋失量差异不显著,两处硝态氮淋失量比值为1∶1.03,铵态氮的淋失量增加显著,两处铵态氮淋失量比值为1∶2.4。在片麻岩新成土壤地区,土壤培肥应本着少量多次原则。